Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	15
Number of observations	1993
Missing cells	5815
Missing cells (%)	19.5%
Duplicate rows	4
Duplicate rows (%)	0.2%
Total size in memory	220.1 KiB
Average record size in memory	113.1 B

Variable types

Boolean	1
Text	9
Numeric	2
Categorical	1
Unsupported	2

Alerts

`pubmed_type` has constant value "article"	Constant
Dataset has 4 (0.2%) duplicate rows	Duplicates
`pubmed_id` is highly overall correlated with `year`	High correlation
`year` is highly overall correlated with `pubmed_id`	High correlation
`title` has 54 (2.7%) missing values	Missing
`abstract` has 256 (12.8%) missing values	Missing
`first_author` has 138 (6.9%) missing values	Missing
`year` has 131 (6.6%) missing values	Missing
`journal` has 131 (6.6%) missing values	Missing
`doi` has 408 (20.5%) missing values	Missing
`pubmed_id` has 130 (6.5%) missing values	Missing
`authors` has 131 (6.6%) missing values	Missing
`pubmed_type` has 131 (6.6%) missing values	Missing
`publication_types` has 131 (6.6%) missing values	Missing
`mesh` has 131 (6.6%) missing values	Missing
`webofscience_id` has 1993 (100.0%) missing values	Missing
`central_id` has 1993 (100.0%) missing values	Missing
`openalex_id` has 57 (2.9%) missing values	Missing
`webofscience_id` is an unsupported type, check if it needs cleaning or further analysis	Unsupported
`central_id` is an unsupported type, check if it needs cleaning or further analysis	Unsupported

Reproduction

Analysis started	2024-07-04 14:23:54.935006
Analysis finished	2024-07-04 14:23:57.642344
Duration	2.71 seconds
Software version	ydata-profiling v4.8.3
Download configuration	config.json

include
Boolean

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	2.1 KiB

False	1713
True	280

Common Values (Table)
Common Values (Plot)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
False	1713	86.0%
True	280	14.0%

title
Text

MISSING

Distinct	1933
Distinct (%)	99.7%
Missing	54
Missing (%)	2.7%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	449
Median length	164
Mean length	104.60083
Min length	7

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	202821
Distinct characters	111
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	1929 ?
Unique (%)	99.5%

Sample

1st row	Inhibition of cellular transport processes by 5-thio-<scp>d</scp>-glucopyranose
2nd row	[Age-related characteristics of structural support for ovarian function].
3rd row	Magnesium in affective disorders.
4th row	Long‐lasting marked inhibition of periaqueductal gray‐evoked defensive behaviors in inescapably‐shocked rats
5th row	Glycine attenuates hepatocellular depression during early sepsis and reduces sepsis-induced mortality

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
of	2056	7.8%
in	1321	5.0%
and	1089	4.1%
the	1074	4.1%
on	476	1.8%
a	315	1.2%
by	295	1.1%
effects	281	1.1%
effect	260	1.0%
depression	227	0.9%
Other values (6355)	18941	71.9%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	24402	12.0%
e	18023	8.9%
i	15403	7.6%
n	14119	7.0%
t	13492	6.7%
o	13408	6.6%
a	12813	6.3%
r	10118	5.0%
s	9640	4.8%
c	7153	3.5%
Other values (101)	64250	31.7%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	202821	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	24402	12.0%
e	18023	8.9%
i	15403	7.6%
n	14119	7.0%
t	13492	6.7%
o	13408	6.6%
a	12813	6.3%
r	10118	5.0%
s	9640	4.8%
c	7153	3.5%
Other values (101)	64250	31.7%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	202821	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	24402	12.0%
e	18023	8.9%
i	15403	7.6%
n	14119	7.0%
t	13492	6.7%
o	13408	6.6%
a	12813	6.3%
r	10118	5.0%
s	9640	4.8%
c	7153	3.5%
Other values (101)	64250	31.7%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	202821	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	24402	12.0%
e	18023	8.9%
i	15403	7.6%
n	14119	7.0%
t	13492	6.7%
o	13408	6.6%
a	12813	6.3%
r	10118	5.0%
s	9640	4.8%
c	7153	3.5%
Other values (101)	64250	31.7%

abstract
Text

MISSING

Distinct	1736
Distinct (%)	99.9%
Missing	256
Missing (%)	12.8%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	29990
Median length	1675
Mean length	1444.5153
Min length	98

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	2509123
Distinct characters	196
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	1735 ?
Unique (%)	99.9%

Sample

1st row	5-Thio-d-glucopyranose, the nearest analogue of normal d-glucose, which is proving a useful tool in examinations of d-glucose biochemistry, affects active and facilitated-diffusion transport processes. 5-Thio-d-glucose is readily transported in rabbit kidney-cortex slices and reaches a tissue/medium ratio of 6.5 within 40min. The sulphur analogue shows typical saturation kinetics with a K(m) value of 2.4mm and V(max.) value of 70mumol/h per g of cell water. Uptake of 5-thio-d-glucose is phlorrhizin-sensitive, Na(+)-dependent and energy-dependent. d-Galactose and methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside transport is competitively inhibited by 5-thio-d-glucose with K(i) values of 4.8 and 9.7mm respectively. 5-Thio-d-glucose thus shows all of the characteristics of active transport in kidney cortex. Transport of neutral amino acids in rat kidney cortex is inhibited by 5-thio-d-glucose. Thus 5.6mm-5-thio-d-glucose causes a 25-30% inhibition of the transport of glycine and the non-metabolized amino acids cycloleucine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. 5-Thio-d-glucose is freely taken up by the facilitated-diffusion transport system in rat diaphragm muscle. The sulphur analogue inhibits the transport of d-xylose in this tissue but has no effect on the uptake of d-arabinose. It is concluded that the ring heteroatom is not an effector of binding in the transport processes examined and causes no important alteration in the conformation of the sugar. The diabetogenic action produced by 5-thio-d-glucose is due, in part, to the ability of the analogue to interfere with cellular transport processes that use d-glucose.
2nd row	Histoenzymological assay was used to investigate various structures of the ovaries of rats of two groups aged 3-4 and 12-14 months during estral cycle. The activity of 3 beta-, 17 beta- and 20 alpha-steroid dehydrogenases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD and NADP-diaphorases, esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases was studied. It has been shown that transport alterations in the microcirculation including the hematofollicular barrier play, the leading part in age-dependent depression of reproductive and endocrine functions. Ageing rats demonstrated no linkage between endothelial, thecal and granular cells, which points to the injury of the histophysiological mechanisms of the follicular system integration.
3rd row	Abstract Clinical evidence suggests that depression and trauma predispose the subject to panic. Accordingly, here we examined the late effects of uncontrollable stress, a presumptive model of depression and/or traumatic disorder, on panic‐like behaviors evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray ( DPAG ). Changes in anxiety and depression were also assessed in the elevated plus‐maze ( EPM ) and forced‐swimming test ( FST ), respectively. Rats with electrodes in the DPAG were subjected to a 7‐day shuttle‐box one‐way escape yoked training with foot‐shocks either escapable ( ES ) or inescapable ( IS ). The day after the end of one‐way escape training, rats were trained in a two‐way escape novel task (test‐session) to ascertain the effectiveness of uncontrollable stress. DPAG stimulations were carried out in an open field, both before the escape training and 2 and 7 days after it, and EPM and FST were performed on the 8th and 10th days afterwards, respectively. Controls were either trained with fictive shocks ( FS ) or subjected to intracranial stimulations only. Although the ES rats performed significantly better than the IS group in the two‐way escape task, groups did not differ with respect to either the anxiety or depression scores. Unexpectedly, however, IS rats showed a marked attenuation of DPAG ‐evoked freezing and flight behaviors relative to both the ES and FS groups, 2 and 7 days after one‐way escape training. The conjoint inhibition of passive (freezing) and active (flight) defensive behaviors suggests that IS inhibits a DPAG in‐built motivational system that may be implicated in depressed patients' difficulties in coping with daily‐life stress.
4th row	To determine whether administration of glycine, a nonessential amino acid, early after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis has any beneficial effects on hepatocellular function and the survivability of septic animals and, if so, whether the beneficial effects of glycine are associated with down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study.A university research laboratory.Male adult rats were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or sham operation followed by the administration of normal saline solution.At 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, glycine (0.6 mmol/kg) or vehicle (normal saline solution) was administered intravenously over 15 mins. At 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture (i.e., early stage of sepsis), hepatocellular function (i.e., the maximal velocity and efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance) was determined and hepatocyte injury was assessed by measuring plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In additional animals, the necrotic cecum was excised at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture, the peritoneal cavity was irrigated with saline, and the midline incision was closed in layers. Mortality was monitored for 10 days thereafter. The results indicate that hepatocellular function was depressed in the early stage of sepsis (i.e., 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture) as indicated by significant decreases in both maximal velocity and transport efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance. Plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were elevated significantly at that interval after cecal ligation and puncture. Administration of glycine 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, however, increased maximal velocity and maximal efficiency by 60% and 101% (p <.05), respectively. Glycine administration in septic animals decreased alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by 43% and 80% (p <.05). In addition, glycine treatment decreased the mortality rate from 50% to 0% (p <.05) at 10 days after cecal ligation and puncture and cecal excision.It appears that the beneficial effect of glycine on hepatocyte function and integrity in sepsis may be mediated via down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Because administration of glycine attenuated hepatocellular depression and injury during early sepsis and decreased sepsis-induced mortality rates, this amino acid appears to be a useful adjunct for maintaining cellular functions and preventing lethality from polymicrobial sepsis.
5th row	Banxia-houpu decoction is a safe and effective traditional Chinese medicinal formula used in the treatment of mild and manic-depressive disorders for centuries. There has been increasing interest in its therapeutic application in depression. However, the mechanisms behind behavioural changes are still poorly understood. Chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced preference behaviour change has been used as a model to predict the clinical efficacy of many types of antidepressant treatment. Both EtOH and water extracts (AE and WE) of Banxia-houpu decoction exhibited a significantly increased sucrose intake in the CMS model in rats, but there was no effect in unstressed animals. In the present study, it was found that the c-fos expression in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum corpora were very high in the CMS model in rats. WE and AE at a dose of 130 mg/kg exhibited a significantly decreased c-fos expression in the cerebral regions in CMS model in rats, respectively. The former was more potent than the latter. However, no significant changes in the c-fos expression were observed in unstressed rats treated with the decoction. Fluoxetine not only significantly reduced c-fos expression in all regions in the CMS model in rats, but only showed a marked decrease in c-fos expression in the hippocampus in unstressed animals. A different molecular mechanism of Banxia-houpu decoction and fluoxetine may be implied. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum conpora might be important structural substrates in the central nervous system mediating the section of the Banxia-houpu decoction on preference behaviour in CMS-induced rats, and fos protein might be the common substrate of the signal transduction process of the decoction.

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
the	20397	5.6%
of	17156	4.7%
in	11711	3.2%
and	11462	3.2%
to	6396	1.8%
a	5490	1.5%
was	3553	1.0%
by	3547	1.0%
with	3398	0.9%
that	3105	0.9%
Other values (28100)	277214	76.3%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	361625	14.4%
e	244413	9.7%
t	172833	6.9%
i	166263	6.6%
a	154871	6.2%
n	152592	6.1%
o	144465	5.8%
s	128785	5.1%
r	123792	4.9%
d	81452	3.2%
Other values (186)	778032	31.0%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	2509123	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	361625	14.4%
e	244413	9.7%
t	172833	6.9%
i	166263	6.6%
a	154871	6.2%
n	152592	6.1%
o	144465	5.8%
s	128785	5.1%
r	123792	4.9%
d	81452	3.2%
Other values (186)	778032	31.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	2509123	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	361625	14.4%
e	244413	9.7%
t	172833	6.9%
i	166263	6.6%
a	154871	6.2%
n	152592	6.1%
o	144465	5.8%
s	128785	5.1%
r	123792	4.9%
d	81452	3.2%
Other values (186)	778032	31.0%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	2509123	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	361625	14.4%
e	244413	9.7%
t	172833	6.9%
i	166263	6.6%
a	154871	6.2%
n	152592	6.1%
o	144465	5.8%
s	128785	5.1%
r	123792	4.9%
d	81452	3.2%
Other values (186)	778032	31.0%

first_author
Text

MISSING

Distinct	1814
Distinct (%)	97.8%
Missing	138
Missing (%)	6.9%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	38
Median length	22
Mean length	9.2091644
Min length	4

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	17083
Distinct characters	72
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	1774 ?
Unique (%)	95.6%

Sample

1st row	Whistler RL
2nd row	Koval'skiĭ GB
3rd row	Quintino-dos-Santos JW
4th row	Yang S
5th row	Zhang W

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
m	99	2.6%
j	71	1.9%
a	59	1.6%
t	56	1.5%
s	55	1.5%
k	54	1.4%
c	48	1.3%
h	48	1.3%
r	44	1.2%
p	41	1.1%
Other values (2008)	3166	84.6%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	1886	11.0%
a	1318	7.7%
e	1104	6.5%
n	908	5.3%
r	837	4.9%
i	819	4.8%
o	761	4.5%
s	569	3.3%
l	543	3.2%
t	434	2.5%
Other values (62)	7904	46.3%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	17083	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	1886	11.0%
a	1318	7.7%
e	1104	6.5%
n	908	5.3%
r	837	4.9%
i	819	4.8%
o	761	4.5%
s	569	3.3%
l	543	3.2%
t	434	2.5%
Other values (62)	7904	46.3%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	17083	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	1886	11.0%
a	1318	7.7%
e	1104	6.5%
n	908	5.3%
r	837	4.9%
i	819	4.8%
o	761	4.5%
s	569	3.3%
l	543	3.2%
t	434	2.5%
Other values (62)	7904	46.3%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	17083	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	1886	11.0%
a	1318	7.7%
e	1104	6.5%
n	908	5.3%
r	837	4.9%
i	819	4.8%
o	761	4.5%
s	569	3.3%
l	543	3.2%
t	434	2.5%
Other values (62)	7904	46.3%

year
Real number (ℝ)

HIGH CORRELATION MISSING

Distinct	60
Distinct (%)	3.2%
Missing	131
Missing (%)	6.6%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	1993.3131

Minimum	1921
Maximum	2017
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1921
5-th percentile	1969
Q1	1979
median	1994
Q3	2008
95-th percentile	2015
Maximum	2017
Range	96
Interquartile range (IQR)	29

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	15.637457
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.0078449578
Kurtosis	-1.1005771
Mean	1993.3131
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	14
Skewness	-0.21285549
Sum	3711549
Variance	244.53007
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2015	70	3.5%
2010	60	3.0%
2013	59	3.0%
2012	59	3.0%
2014	57	2.9%
2008	56	2.8%
1975	56	2.8%
2011	51	2.6%
2007	49	2.5%
1969	47	2.4%
Other values (50)	1298	65.1%
(Missing)	131	6.6%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1921	1	0.1%
1950	1	0.1%
1954	1	0.1%
1955	1	0.1%
1961	1	0.1%
1963	3	0.2%
1964	1	0.1%
1965	2	0.1%
1966	3	0.2%
1967	14	0.7%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2017	4	0.2%
2016	36	1.8%
2015	70	3.5%
2014	57	2.9%
2013	59	3.0%
2012	59	3.0%
2011	51	2.6%
2010	60	3.0%
2009	41	2.1%
2008	56	2.8%

journal
Text

MISSING

Distinct	748
Distinct (%)	40.2%
Missing	131
Missing (%)	6.6%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	60
Median length	39
Mean length	15.910311
Min length	3

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	29625
Distinct characters	62
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	477 ?
Unique (%)	25.6%

Sample

1st row	Biochem J
2nd row	Biull Eksp Biol Med
3rd row	Eur J Neurosci
4th row	Crit Care Med
5th row	Phytother Res

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
j	567	11.3%
pharmacol	208	4.2%
res	196	3.9%
physiol	136	2.7%
biol	128	2.6%
med	117	2.3%
neurosci	109	2.2%
sci	93	1.9%
exp	88	1.8%
brain	86	1.7%
Other values (659)	3276	65.5%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	3142	10.6%
o	2423	8.2%
e	1872	6.3%
a	1743	5.9%
r	1738	5.9%
i	1721	5.8%
l	1465	4.9%
c	1440	4.9%
h	1347	4.5%
s	1179	4.0%
Other values (52)	11555	39.0%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	29625	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	3142	10.6%
o	2423	8.2%
e	1872	6.3%
a	1743	5.9%
r	1738	5.9%
i	1721	5.8%
l	1465	4.9%
c	1440	4.9%
h	1347	4.5%
s	1179	4.0%
Other values (52)	11555	39.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	29625	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	3142	10.6%
o	2423	8.2%
e	1872	6.3%
a	1743	5.9%
r	1738	5.9%
i	1721	5.8%
l	1465	4.9%
c	1440	4.9%
h	1347	4.5%
s	1179	4.0%
Other values (52)	11555	39.0%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	29625	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	3142	10.6%
o	2423	8.2%
e	1872	6.3%
a	1743	5.9%
r	1738	5.9%
i	1721	5.8%
l	1465	4.9%
c	1440	4.9%
h	1347	4.5%
s	1179	4.0%
Other values (52)	11555	39.0%

doi
Text

MISSING

Distinct	1583
Distinct (%)	99.9%
Missing	408
Missing (%)	20.5%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	81
Median length	75
Mean length	42.224606
Min length	16

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	66926
Distinct characters	59
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	1581 ?
Unique (%)	99.7%

Sample

1st row	https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1300919
2nd row	https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12410
3rd row	https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200106000-00024
4th row	https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1391
5th row	https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020170077

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.031	2	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1021/jm200682b	2	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199409000-00009	1	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200106000-00024	1	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020170077	1	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-011-0580-4	1	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1980.tb02450.x	1	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199012000-00013	1	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017	1	0.1%
https://doi.org/10.5692/clinicalneurol.52.900	1	0.1%
Other values (1573)	1573	99.2%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	7998	12.0%
1	6940	10.4%
/	6368	9.5%
.	5678	8.5%
o	3469	5.2%
t	3312	4.9%
2	2299	3.4%
s	2080	3.1%
9	1975	3.0%
p	1968	2.9%
Other values (49)	24839	37.1%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	66926	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	7998	12.0%
1	6940	10.4%
/	6368	9.5%
.	5678	8.5%
o	3469	5.2%
t	3312	4.9%
2	2299	3.4%
s	2080	3.1%
9	1975	3.0%
p	1968	2.9%
Other values (49)	24839	37.1%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	66926	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	7998	12.0%
1	6940	10.4%
/	6368	9.5%
.	5678	8.5%
o	3469	5.2%
t	3312	4.9%
2	2299	3.4%
s	2080	3.1%
9	1975	3.0%
p	1968	2.9%
Other values (49)	24839	37.1%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	66926	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	7998	12.0%
1	6940	10.4%
/	6368	9.5%
.	5678	8.5%
o	3469	5.2%
t	3312	4.9%
2	2299	3.4%
s	2080	3.1%
9	1975	3.0%
p	1968	2.9%
Other values (49)	24839	37.1%

pubmed_id
Real number (ℝ)

HIGH CORRELATION MISSING

Distinct	1862
Distinct (%)	99.9%
Missing	130
Missing (%)	6.5%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	11054223

Minimum	5952
Maximum	27139778
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	5952
5-th percentile	691336.6
Q1	4234557.5
median	8335579
Q3	18660154
95-th percentile	25576058
Maximum	27139778
Range	27133826
Interquartile range (IQR)	14425596

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	8358624.8
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.75614766
Kurtosis	-1.1972611
Mean	11054223
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	6330167
Skewness	0.45702762
Sum	2.0594017 × 10¹⁰
Variance	6.9866608 × 10¹³
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
21823597	2	0.1%
4656804	1	0.1%
14580049	1	0.1%
2546625	1	0.1%
17288742	1	0.1%
5581339	1	0.1%
4299131	1	0.1%
4372916	1	0.1%
1215639	1	0.1%
26472708	1	0.1%
Other values (1852)	1852	92.9%
(Missing)	130	6.5%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5952	1	0.1%
6299	1	0.1%
6684	1	0.1%
10338	1	0.1%
16607	1	0.1%
25053	1	0.1%
27281	1	0.1%
32943	1	0.1%
34976	1	0.1%
36541	1	0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
27139778	1	0.1%
27107027	1	0.1%
27092339	1	0.1%
27082990	1	0.1%
27062563	1	0.1%
27044434	1	0.1%
27037280	1	0.1%
26985036	1	0.1%
26956153	1	0.1%
26921875	1	0.1%

authors
Text

MISSING

Distinct	1852
Distinct (%)	99.5%
Missing	131
Missing (%)	6.6%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	239
Median length	120
Mean length	42.276047
Min length	0

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	78718
Distinct characters	92
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	1847 ?
Unique (%)	99.2%

Sample

1st row	Whistler RL; Lake WC
2nd row	Koval'skiĭ GB
3rd row	Quintino-dos-Santos JW; Müller CJ; Santos AM; Tufik S; Rosa CA; Schenberg LC
4th row	Yang S; Koo DJ; Chaudry IH; Wang P
5th row	Zhang W; Li J; Zhu J; Shi Z; Wang Y; Kong L

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
m	390	2.6%
j	327	2.2%
a	300	2.0%
s	252	1.7%
t	228	1.5%
h	220	1.5%
r	214	1.4%
k	191	1.3%
p	178	1.2%
c	173	1.1%
Other values (6097)	12610	83.6%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	13228	16.8%
;	5622	7.1%
a	5182	6.6%
e	4308	5.5%
n	3563	4.5%
i	3382	4.3%
r	3230	4.1%
o	3155	4.0%
l	2160	2.7%
s	2075	2.6%
Other values (82)	32813	41.7%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	78718	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	13228	16.8%
;	5622	7.1%
a	5182	6.6%
e	4308	5.5%
n	3563	4.5%
i	3382	4.3%
r	3230	4.1%
o	3155	4.0%
l	2160	2.7%
s	2075	2.6%
Other values (82)	32813	41.7%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	78718	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	13228	16.8%
;	5622	7.1%
a	5182	6.6%
e	4308	5.5%
n	3563	4.5%
i	3382	4.3%
r	3230	4.1%
o	3155	4.0%
l	2160	2.7%
s	2075	2.6%
Other values (82)	32813	41.7%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	78718	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	13228	16.8%
;	5622	7.1%
a	5182	6.6%
e	4308	5.5%
n	3563	4.5%
i	3382	4.3%
r	3230	4.1%
o	3155	4.0%
l	2160	2.7%
s	2075	2.6%
Other values (82)	32813	41.7%

pubmed_type
Categorical

CONSTANT MISSING

Distinct	1
Distinct (%)	0.1%
Missing	131
Missing (%)	6.6%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

article	1862

Length

Max length	7
Median length	7
Mean length	7
Min length	7

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	13034
Distinct characters	7
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	article
2nd row	article
3rd row	article
4th row	article
5th row	article

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
article	1862	93.4%
(Missing)	131	6.6%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Common Values (Plot)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
article	1862	100.0%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	1862	14.3%
r	1862	14.3%
t	1862	14.3%
i	1862	14.3%
c	1862	14.3%
l	1862	14.3%
e	1862	14.3%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	13034	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	1862	14.3%
r	1862	14.3%
t	1862	14.3%
i	1862	14.3%
c	1862	14.3%
l	1862	14.3%
e	1862	14.3%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	13034	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	1862	14.3%
r	1862	14.3%
t	1862	14.3%
i	1862	14.3%
c	1862	14.3%
l	1862	14.3%
e	1862	14.3%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	13034	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	1862	14.3%
r	1862	14.3%
t	1862	14.3%
i	1862	14.3%
c	1862	14.3%
l	1862	14.3%
e	1862	14.3%

publication_types
Text

MISSING

Distinct	77
Distinct (%)	4.1%
Missing	131
Missing (%)	6.6%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	205
Median length	197
Mean length	56.644468
Min length	13

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	105472
Distinct characters	56
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	41 ?
Unique (%)	2.2%

Sample

1st row	D016428: Journal Article
2nd row	D003160: Comparative Study; D004740: English Abstract; D016428: Journal Article
3rd row	D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
4th row	D016430: Clinical Trial; D016428: Journal Article; D016449: Randomized Controlled Trial; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
5th row	D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
article	1852	14.6%
d016428	1851	14.6%
journal	1851	14.6%
research	1141	9.0%
support	1141	9.0%
gov't	1008	8.0%
d013485	701	5.5%
non-u.s	701	5.5%
u.s	307	2.4%
d013487	231	1.8%
Other values (58)	1878	14.8%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	10800	10.2%
r	6606	6.3%
o	5061	4.8%
t	4741	4.5%
e	4473	4.2%
0	4095	3.9%
l	4016	3.8%
a	3848	3.6%
D	3361	3.2%
:	3361	3.2%
Other values (46)	55110	52.3%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	105472	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	10800	10.2%
r	6606	6.3%
o	5061	4.8%
t	4741	4.5%
e	4473	4.2%
0	4095	3.9%
l	4016	3.8%
a	3848	3.6%
D	3361	3.2%
:	3361	3.2%
Other values (46)	55110	52.3%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	105472	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	10800	10.2%
r	6606	6.3%
o	5061	4.8%
t	4741	4.5%
e	4473	4.2%
0	4095	3.9%
l	4016	3.8%
a	3848	3.6%
D	3361	3.2%
:	3361	3.2%
Other values (46)	55110	52.3%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	105472	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	10800	10.2%
r	6606	6.3%
o	5061	4.8%
t	4741	4.5%
e	4473	4.2%
0	4095	3.9%
l	4016	3.8%
a	3848	3.6%
D	3361	3.2%
:	3361	3.2%
Other values (46)	55110	52.3%

mesh
Text

MISSING

Distinct	1809
Distinct (%)	97.2%
Missing	131
Missing (%)	6.6%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	1060
Median length	524
Mean length	345.80021
Min length	0

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	643880
Distinct characters	71
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	1807 ?
Unique (%)	97.0%

Sample

1st row	D000596: Amino Acids; D000621: Aminoisobutyric Acids; D000818: Animals; D001089: Arabinose; D001693: Biological Transport, Active; D003864: Depression, Chemical; D003964: Diaphragm; D005690: Galactose; D005947: Glucose; D005998: Glycine; D007668: Kidney; D007672: Kidney Cortex; D007700: Kinetics; D007930: Leucine; D009132: Muscles; D010695: Phlorhizin; D011817: Rabbits; D051381: Rats; D012964: Sodium; D013440: Sulfides; D013997: Time Factors; D014867: Water; D014994: Xylose
2nd row	D000375: Aging; D000818: Animals; D004971: Estrus; D005260: Female; D006651: Histocytochemistry; D006080: Ovarian Follicle; D010053: Ovary; D011247: Pregnancy; D051381: Rats
3rd row	D000818: Animals; D001008: Anxiety Disorders; D003866: Depressive Disorder; D004567: Electrodes, Implanted; D004597: Electroshock; D004924: Escape Reaction; D008297: Male; D009043: Motor Activity; D009483: Neuropsychological Tests; D010200: Panic; D010487: Periaqueductal Gray; D051381: Rats; D017208: Rats, Wistar; D013315: Stress, Psychological
4th row	D000704: Analysis of Variance; D000818: Animals; D002118: Calcium; D002432: Cecum; D004396: Coloring Agents; D015536: Down-Regulation; D004797: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005982: Glutathione Transferase; D005998: Glycine; D007208: Indocyanine Green; D008107: Liver Diseases; D008297: Male; D011446: Prospective Studies; D011677: Punctures; D051381: Rats; D018805: Sepsis; D014409: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
5th row	D000818: Animals; D000928: Antidepressive Agents; D001522: Behavior, Animal; D001921: Brain; D004365: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007150: Immunohistochemistry; D008297: Male; D008517: Phytotherapy; D010936: Plant Extracts; D010946: Plants, Medicinal; D016760: Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D051381: Rats; D017207: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D040921: Stress Disorders, Traumatic

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
animals	1828	2.7%
d000818	1771	2.6%
rats	1293	1.9%
male	926	1.4%
d008297	922	1.3%
d051381	804	1.2%
depression	759	1.1%
chemical	651	1.0%
mice	604	0.9%
d003864	525	0.8%
Other values (9326)	58357	85.3%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	66631	10.3%
0	53820	8.4%
e	34526	5.4%
i	30164	4.7%
D	29397	4.6%
:	25945	4.0%
a	25172	3.9%
n	24689	3.8%
;	24136	3.7%
s	23912	3.7%
Other values (61)	305488	47.4%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	643880	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	66631	10.3%
0	53820	8.4%
e	34526	5.4%
i	30164	4.7%
D	29397	4.6%
:	25945	4.0%
a	25172	3.9%
n	24689	3.8%
;	24136	3.7%
s	23912	3.7%
Other values (61)	305488	47.4%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	643880	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	66631	10.3%
0	53820	8.4%
e	34526	5.4%
i	30164	4.7%
D	29397	4.6%
:	25945	4.0%
a	25172	3.9%
n	24689	3.8%
;	24136	3.7%
s	23912	3.7%
Other values (61)	305488	47.4%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	643880	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	66631	10.3%
0	53820	8.4%
e	34526	5.4%
i	30164	4.7%
D	29397	4.6%
:	25945	4.0%
a	25172	3.9%
n	24689	3.8%
;	24136	3.7%
s	23912	3.7%
Other values (61)	305488	47.4%

webofscience_id
Unsupported

MISSING REJECTED UNSUPPORTED

Missing	1993
Missing (%)	100.0%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

central_id
Unsupported

MISSING REJECTED UNSUPPORTED

Missing	1993
Missing (%)	100.0%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

openalex_id
Text

MISSING

Distinct	1934
Distinct (%)	99.9%
Missing	57
Missing (%)	2.9%
Memory size	15.7 KiB

Length

Max length	32
Median length	32
Mean length	31.965393
Min length	29

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	61885
Distinct characters	26
Distinct categories	1 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	1932 ?
Unique (%)	99.8%

Sample

1st row	https://openalex.org/W2401025235
2nd row	https://openalex.org/W2410512259
3rd row	https://openalex.org/W2418079034
4th row	https://openalex.org/W2017388204
5th row	https://openalex.org/W1995720522

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
https://openalex.org/w4300397101	2	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2314555710	2	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2461574710	1	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2075384196	1	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2017388204	1	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w1995720522	1	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w1996157110	1	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2006608223	1	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2418627755	1	0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2051971541	1	0.1%
Other values (1924)	1924	99.4%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
/	5808	9.4%
p	3872	6.3%
o	3872	6.3%
e	3872	6.3%
t	3872	6.3%
2	3061	4.9%
0	2394	3.9%
1	2229	3.6%
h	1936	3.1%
.	1936	3.1%
Other values (16)	29033	46.9%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	61885	100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
/	5808	9.4%
p	3872	6.3%
o	3872	6.3%
e	3872	6.3%
t	3872	6.3%
2	3061	4.9%
0	2394	3.9%
1	2229	3.6%
h	1936	3.1%
.	1936	3.1%
Other values (16)	29033	46.9%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	61885	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
/	5808	9.4%
p	3872	6.3%
o	3872	6.3%
e	3872	6.3%
t	3872	6.3%
2	3061	4.9%
0	2394	3.9%
1	2229	3.6%
h	1936	3.1%
.	1936	3.1%
Other values (16)	29033	46.9%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(unknown)	61885	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
/	5808	9.4%
p	3872	6.3%
o	3872	6.3%
e	3872	6.3%
t	3872	6.3%
2	3061	4.9%
0	2394	3.9%
1	2229	3.6%
h	1936	3.1%
.	1936	3.1%
Other values (16)	29033	46.9%

year
pubmed_id

pubmed_id
year

pubmed_id
year

Auto

Heatmap
Table

	include	pubmed_id	year
include	1.000	0.312	0.325
pubmed_id	0.312	1.000	0.854
year	0.325	0.854	1.000

A simple visualization of nullity by column.

Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.

The correlation heatmap measures nullity correlation: how strongly the presence or absence of one variable affects the presence of another.

First rows
Last rows

	include	title	abstract	first_author	year	journal	doi	pubmed_id	authors	pubmed_type	publication_types	mesh	webofscience_id	central_id	openalex_id
0	False	Inhibition of cellular transport processes by 5-thio-<scp>d</scp>-glucopyranose	5-Thio-d-glucopyranose, the nearest analogue of normal d-glucose, which is proving a useful tool in examinations of d-glucose biochemistry, affects active and facilitated-diffusion transport processes. 5-Thio-d-glucose is readily transported in rabbit kidney-cortex slices and reaches a tissue/medium ratio of 6.5 within 40min. The sulphur analogue shows typical saturation kinetics with a K(m) value of 2.4mm and V(max.) value of 70mumol/h per g of cell water. Uptake of 5-thio-d-glucose is phlorrhizin-sensitive, Na(+)-dependent and energy-dependent. d-Galactose and methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside transport is competitively inhibited by 5-thio-d-glucose with K(i) values of 4.8 and 9.7mm respectively. 5-Thio-d-glucose thus shows all of the characteristics of active transport in kidney cortex. Transport of neutral amino acids in rat kidney cortex is inhibited by 5-thio-d-glucose. Thus 5.6mm-5-thio-d-glucose causes a 25-30% inhibition of the transport of glycine and the non-metabolized amino acids cycloleucine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. 5-Thio-d-glucose is freely taken up by the facilitated-diffusion transport system in rat diaphragm muscle. The sulphur analogue inhibits the transport of d-xylose in this tissue but has no effect on the uptake of d-arabinose. It is concluded that the ring heteroatom is not an effector of binding in the transport processes examined and causes no important alteration in the conformation of the sugar. The diabetogenic action produced by 5-thio-d-glucose is due, in part, to the ability of the analogue to interfere with cellular transport processes that use d-glucose.	Whistler RL	1972.0	Biochem J	https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1300919	4656804.0	Whistler RL; Lake WC	article	D016428: Journal Article	D000596: Amino Acids; D000621: Aminoisobutyric Acids; D000818: Animals; D001089: Arabinose; D001693: Biological Transport, Active; D003864: Depression, Chemical; D003964: Diaphragm; D005690: Galactose; D005947: Glucose; D005998: Glycine; D007668: Kidney; D007672: Kidney Cortex; D007700: Kinetics; D007930: Leucine; D009132: Muscles; D010695: Phlorhizin; D011817: Rabbits; D051381: Rats; D012964: Sodium; D013440: Sulfides; D013997: Time Factors; D014867: Water; D014994: Xylose	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2401025235
1	False	[Age-related characteristics of structural support for ovarian function].	Histoenzymological assay was used to investigate various structures of the ovaries of rats of two groups aged 3-4 and 12-14 months during estral cycle. The activity of 3 beta-, 17 beta- and 20 alpha-steroid dehydrogenases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD and NADP-diaphorases, esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases was studied. It has been shown that transport alterations in the microcirculation including the hematofollicular barrier play, the leading part in age-dependent depression of reproductive and endocrine functions. Ageing rats demonstrated no linkage between endothelial, thecal and granular cells, which points to the injury of the histophysiological mechanisms of the follicular system integration.	Koval'skiĭ GB	1984.0	Biull Eksp Biol Med	None	6542443.0	Koval'skiĭ GB	article	D003160: Comparative Study; D004740: English Abstract; D016428: Journal Article	D000375: Aging; D000818: Animals; D004971: Estrus; D005260: Female; D006651: Histocytochemistry; D006080: Ovarian Follicle; D010053: Ovary; D011247: Pregnancy; D051381: Rats	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2410512259
2	False	Magnesium in affective disorders.	None	None	NaN	None	None	NaN	None	None	None	None	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2418079034
3	True	Long‐lasting marked inhibition of periaqueductal gray‐evoked defensive behaviors in inescapably‐shocked rats	Abstract Clinical evidence suggests that depression and trauma predispose the subject to panic. Accordingly, here we examined the late effects of uncontrollable stress, a presumptive model of depression and/or traumatic disorder, on panic‐like behaviors evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray ( DPAG ). Changes in anxiety and depression were also assessed in the elevated plus‐maze ( EPM ) and forced‐swimming test ( FST ), respectively. Rats with electrodes in the DPAG were subjected to a 7‐day shuttle‐box one‐way escape yoked training with foot‐shocks either escapable ( ES ) or inescapable ( IS ). The day after the end of one‐way escape training, rats were trained in a two‐way escape novel task (test‐session) to ascertain the effectiveness of uncontrollable stress. DPAG stimulations were carried out in an open field, both before the escape training and 2 and 7 days after it, and EPM and FST were performed on the 8th and 10th days afterwards, respectively. Controls were either trained with fictive shocks ( FS ) or subjected to intracranial stimulations only. Although the ES rats performed significantly better than the IS group in the two‐way escape task, groups did not differ with respect to either the anxiety or depression scores. Unexpectedly, however, IS rats showed a marked attenuation of DPAG ‐evoked freezing and flight behaviors relative to both the ES and FS groups, 2 and 7 days after one‐way escape training. The conjoint inhibition of passive (freezing) and active (flight) defensive behaviors suggests that IS inhibits a DPAG in‐built motivational system that may be implicated in depressed patients' difficulties in coping with daily‐life stress.	Quintino-dos-Santos JW	2014.0	Eur J Neurosci	https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12410	24188077.0	Quintino-dos-Santos JW; Müller CJ; Santos AM; Tufik S; Rosa CA; Schenberg LC	article	D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't	D000818: Animals; D001008: Anxiety Disorders; D003866: Depressive Disorder; D004567: Electrodes, Implanted; D004597: Electroshock; D004924: Escape Reaction; D008297: Male; D009043: Motor Activity; D009483: Neuropsychological Tests; D010200: Panic; D010487: Periaqueductal Gray; D051381: Rats; D017208: Rats, Wistar; D013315: Stress, Psychological	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2017388204
4	False	Glycine attenuates hepatocellular depression during early sepsis and reduces sepsis-induced mortality	To determine whether administration of glycine, a nonessential amino acid, early after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis has any beneficial effects on hepatocellular function and the survivability of septic animals and, if so, whether the beneficial effects of glycine are associated with down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study.A university research laboratory.Male adult rats were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or sham operation followed by the administration of normal saline solution.At 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, glycine (0.6 mmol/kg) or vehicle (normal saline solution) was administered intravenously over 15 mins. At 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture (i.e., early stage of sepsis), hepatocellular function (i.e., the maximal velocity and efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance) was determined and hepatocyte injury was assessed by measuring plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In additional animals, the necrotic cecum was excised at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture, the peritoneal cavity was irrigated with saline, and the midline incision was closed in layers. Mortality was monitored for 10 days thereafter. The results indicate that hepatocellular function was depressed in the early stage of sepsis (i.e., 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture) as indicated by significant decreases in both maximal velocity and transport efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance. Plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were elevated significantly at that interval after cecal ligation and puncture. Administration of glycine 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, however, increased maximal velocity and maximal efficiency by 60% and 101% (p <.05), respectively. Glycine administration in septic animals decreased alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by 43% and 80% (p <.05). In addition, glycine treatment decreased the mortality rate from 50% to 0% (p <.05) at 10 days after cecal ligation and puncture and cecal excision.It appears that the beneficial effect of glycine on hepatocyte function and integrity in sepsis may be mediated via down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Because administration of glycine attenuated hepatocellular depression and injury during early sepsis and decreased sepsis-induced mortality rates, this amino acid appears to be a useful adjunct for maintaining cellular functions and preventing lethality from polymicrobial sepsis.	Yang S	2001.0	Crit Care Med	https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200106000-00024	11395604.0	Yang S; Koo DJ; Chaudry IH; Wang P	article	D016430: Clinical Trial; D016428: Journal Article; D016449: Randomized Controlled Trial; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.	D000704: Analysis of Variance; D000818: Animals; D002118: Calcium; D002432: Cecum; D004396: Coloring Agents; D015536: Down-Regulation; D004797: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005982: Glutathione Transferase; D005998: Glycine; D007208: Indocyanine Green; D008107: Liver Diseases; D008297: Male; D011446: Prospective Studies; D011677: Punctures; D051381: Rats; D018805: Sepsis; D014409: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha	None	None	https://openalex.org/W1995720522
5	True	Chinese medicine Banxia-houpu decoction regulates c-fos expression in the brain regions in chronic mild stress model in rats	Banxia-houpu decoction is a safe and effective traditional Chinese medicinal formula used in the treatment of mild and manic-depressive disorders for centuries. There has been increasing interest in its therapeutic application in depression. However, the mechanisms behind behavioural changes are still poorly understood. Chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced preference behaviour change has been used as a model to predict the clinical efficacy of many types of antidepressant treatment. Both EtOH and water extracts (AE and WE) of Banxia-houpu decoction exhibited a significantly increased sucrose intake in the CMS model in rats, but there was no effect in unstressed animals. In the present study, it was found that the c-fos expression in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum corpora were very high in the CMS model in rats. WE and AE at a dose of 130 mg/kg exhibited a significantly decreased c-fos expression in the cerebral regions in CMS model in rats, respectively. The former was more potent than the latter. However, no significant changes in the c-fos expression were observed in unstressed rats treated with the decoction. Fluoxetine not only significantly reduced c-fos expression in all regions in the CMS model in rats, but only showed a marked decrease in c-fos expression in the hippocampus in unstressed animals. A different molecular mechanism of Banxia-houpu decoction and fluoxetine may be implied. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum conpora might be important structural substrates in the central nervous system mediating the section of the Banxia-houpu decoction on preference behaviour in CMS-induced rats, and fos protein might be the common substrate of the signal transduction process of the decoction.	Zhang W	2004.0	Phytother Res	https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1391	15103665.0	Zhang W; Li J; Zhu J; Shi Z; Wang Y; Kong L	article	D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't	D000818: Animals; D000928: Antidepressive Agents; D001522: Behavior, Animal; D001921: Brain; D004365: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007150: Immunohistochemistry; D008297: Male; D008517: Phytotherapy; D010936: Plant Extracts; D010946: Plants, Medicinal; D016760: Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D051381: Rats; D017207: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D040921: Stress Disorders, Traumatic	None	None	https://openalex.org/W1996157110
6	True	Brain monoamine receptors in a chronic unpredictable stress model in rats	Antidepressant drugs are devoid of mood-elevating effects in normal (non-depressed) human subjects, thus, it is necessary to evaluate the antidepressant property of compounds (drugs) in animal models of depression. Several animal models of depression have been introduced, however, only a few have been extensively validated. In the present study we report the results of investigations into monoaminergic receptors in the brain of rats subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) procedure (one of the well validated animal models of depression). We have examined the dopaminergic (D-1, D-2), adrenergic (alpha-1, beta-1) and serotonergic (5HT-1A, 5HT-2A) receptors in different brain regions by a saturation radioligand binding method in rats subjected to CUS paradigm and control animals. CUS procedure resulted in a significant 29% increase in the D-1 receptor density in the limbic system and 52% increase of the density of 5HT-2A receptors in the cerebral cortex. The present data indicate that the increase of the density of brain D-1 and 5HT-2A receptors of rats subjected to CUS might be involved in the pathophysiology of "animal depression" (since chronic antidepressant treatment produced opposite changes i.e. decrease in the density of these receptors) and thus in pathophysiology of human depression.	Ossowska G	2001.0	J Neural Transm (Vienna)	https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020170077	11341483.0	Ossowska G; Nowa G; Kata R; Klenk-Majewska B; Danilczuk Z; Zebrowska-Lupina I	article	D016428: Journal Article	D000322: Adrenergic Agonists; D000818: Animals; D015306: Biogenic Monoamines; D001921: Brain; D001923: Brain Chemistry; D002908: Chronic Disease; D003863: Depression; D004195: Disease Models, Animal; D018491: Dopamine Agonists; D008297: Male; D009474: Neurons; D011869: Radioligand Assay; D051381: Rats; D017208: Rats, Wistar; D044402: Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011942: Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D011943: Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D017447: Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448: Receptors, Dopamine D2; D017981: Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D011985: Receptors, Serotonin; D044263: Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; D017366: Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D013312: Stress, Physiological	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2006608223
7	True	Behavioural and neuroendocrine effects of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. in mice using tail suspension and forced swim tests--a preliminary study.	The present study was done to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of B. diffusa on depression in mice using behavioral models such as tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). The extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, po) was administered for 14 successive days to Swiss young albino mice. On 14th day, 60 min after administration, mice were subjected to TST and FST. The administration of aqueous extract of B. diffusa (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, po) significantly decreased immobility period in both TST and FST, indicating significant antidepressant-like activity. The lowest dose (50 mg/kg) of the extract decreased the immobility period most significantly in FST, showing most potent antidepressant-like action. The efficacy of the extract (50 mg/kg) was comparable to fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). The extract did not show any significant effect on locomotor activity. The extract showed significant monoamine oxidase -A inhibitory activity. There was no significant effect of the extract on plasma corticosterone levels. Prazosin (alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist), sulpiride (selective D2-receptor antagonist), baclofen (GABA(B) agonist), and p-CPA (tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor) significantly attenuated the extract-induced antidepressant-like effect, when tested in TST. The extract might produce antidepressant-like effect by interaction with alpha1-adrenoceptors, dopamine-D2 receptors, serotonergic, and GABA(B) receptors. Thus, aqueous extract of B. diffusa showed significant antidepressant-like activity in mice probably through involvement of monoaminergic and GABAergic systems.	None	NaN	None	None	NaN	None	None	None	None	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2418627755
8	False	Seasonality of glycogen phosphorylase activity in crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.)	Seasonal changes in the activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), a rate-limiting enzyme of glycogen degradation, were examined in an anoxia-tolerant fish species, the crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). In muscle and brain, the activity of GP remained constant throughout the year when tested at 25°C. In contrast, the activities of liver and heart GP displayed striking increases in summer. When seasonal temperature changes are taken into account, the activity of GP during the anoxic mid-winter is only 4-6% of its summer time activity in the muscle, heart and liver, and 13% in brain. In winter-acclimatized fish, experimental anoxia (1-6 weeks) caused sustained depression of the GP activity in heart and gills. In liver and muscle, a transient depression of GP activity occurred during the first week of anoxia but later GP activity recovered back to the normoxic level. GP of the brain was completely resistant to anoxia. In all studied tissues, the constitutive activity of GP is more than sufficient to degrade glycogen deposits during winter anoxia without anoxia-induced activation of GP. The seemingly paradoxical summer-time increase in the activity of liver and heart GP could be related to active life-style of the summer-acclimatized fish (growth, reproduction), the increased demand of energy and molecular precursors of anabolic metabolism being satisfied by preferential degradation of glycogen. The high glycogen content of winter-acclimatized crucian carp is not associated with the elevated GP activity or anoxic activation of GP.	Vornanen M	2011.0	J Comp Physiol B	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-011-0580-4	21512743.0	Vornanen M; Haverinen J	article	D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't	D000064: Acclimatization; D000693: Anaerobiosis; D000818: Animals; D001921: Brain; D002347: Carps; D005880: Gills; D006003: Glycogen; D024981: Glycogen Phosphorylase; D006321: Heart; D008099: Liver; D009132: Muscles; D012621: Seasons; D013696: Temperature	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2051971541
9	False	Effect of Chronic Lead on the Haematology, Blood Glutathione and Bone Marrow Non‐Haeme Iron of Dogs	Abstract Ten clinically normal male beagle dogs were used in the study. Two dogs served as control, 4 received 2 mg lead/kg daily and 4 received 5 mg lead/kg/daily. Lead was administered for 13 weeks, after which one‐half of each experimental group was treated with calcium ethylene diaminetetraacetate (CaEDTA) for 5 days. All animals were then monitored for another 4 weeks. Blood lead levels, haematology, blood glutathione concentration, and the number of bone marrow cells with stainable iron granules were measured weekly during the 18‐week experimental period. Clinical signs of poisoning were observed only in one dog in the high dose group after 6 weeks. The signs included emaciation, anorexia, muscular weakness, evidence of abdominal pain and depression. These signs were reversed with cessation of lead dosing and CaEDTA treatment. Blood lead levels and the number of marrow cells with non‐haeme iron increased in both lead‐dosed groups; nucleated red blood cells increased only in high lead dosed group. There was a trend for an increased packed cell volume in all groups; however, the high lead dosed group did not increase as fast. No significant changes were observed in blood glutathione concentration and in other haematologic parameters. There were no differences in the parameters studied between the dogs treated with CaEDTA and those not so treated. Blood lead levels and the number of nucleated red blood cells decreased after cessation of lead administration and the number of marrow cells with iron also tended to decrease after lead removal.	Mitema ES	1980.0	Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh)	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1980.tb02450.x	6768221.0	Mitema ES; Oehme FW; Penumarthy L	article	D016428: Journal Article	D000818: Animals; D001773: Blood Cells; D001853: Bone Marrow; D001854: Bone Marrow Cells; D004285: Dogs; D004492: Edetic Acid; D004906: Erythrocyte Count; D005978: Glutathione; D006400: Hematocrit; D006452: Hemoglobinometry; D007501: Iron; D007854: Lead; D007855: Lead Poisoning; D007958: Leukocyte Count; D008297: Male	None	None	https://openalex.org/W1982689851

	include	title	abstract	first_author	year	journal	doi	pubmed_id	authors	pubmed_type	publication_types	mesh	webofscience_id	central_id	openalex_id
1983	False	Effects of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin on the healing of surgical wounds in mice	Administration of therapeutic dose levels of cyclophosphamide as a single dose or as daily treatments for 5 days during the perisurgical period resulted in a significant decrease in the strength of surgical skin wounds in mice as measured 21 days after surgery. Administration of a single dose of 200 mg/kg either at the time of surgery or up to 4 days prior to or after surgery impaired 21-day wound strength, with the most extensive depression observed when the drug was given 1 or 2 days after surgery. Earlier stages of wound healing (day 3 or day 7) were not as sensitive to cyclophosphamide. Adriamycin in the therapeutic dosage range for mice did not significantly impair wound healing. This drug had an effect only at the LD10 dosage level. Combination treatment with cyclophosphamide plus adriamycin at the time of surgery impaired 21-day wound strength to a greater degree than observed with either agent alone, but did not significantly depress wound strength 3 or 7 days after surgery. These studies indicate that dosage level, the time of drug administration relative to surgery, and the time at which wound strength measurements are made are important parameters in determination of the effects of antineoplastic agents on wound healing.	Cohen SC	1975.0	Cancer	https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197510)36:4<1277::aid-cncr2820360413>3.0.co;2-1	1175126.0	Cohen SC; Gabelnick HL; Johnson RK; Goldin A	article	D016428: Journal Article	D000818: Animals; D003520: Cyclophosphamide; D004317: Doxorubicin; D051379: Mice; D008815: Mice, Inbred Strains; D013997: Time Factors; D014945: Wound Healing	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2031617788
1984	False	Biogenesis of mitochondria	The aminoglycoside antibiotics can be divided into two groups on the basis of their effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first group, consisting of neamine, kanamycin, streptomycin, and viomycin had only minor effects on the growth of yeast cells and on in vitro protein synthesis. The second group, comprising neomycin B, neomycin C, and paromomycin, had complex effects on the growth and survival of yeast cells, and potently inhibited the in vitro incorporation of amino acids into protein by mitochondria and by cytoplasmic ribosomes. The effects of the neomycins and paromomycin on the growth of yeast cells in media containing either fermentable or non-fermentable substrate indicated that in vivo these antibiotics differentiated only marginally between the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal protein-synthesising systems. In marked contrast, the incorporation of amino acids by the mitochondrial protein-synthesizing system in vitro was considerably more sensitive to the neomycins and paromomycin than was the cytoplasmic ribosomal system. A probable explanation of this discrepancy is proposed. The mitochondrial protein-synthesizing system of rat liver was compared with that of yeast, and was found to differ in being insensitive to the neomycins and paromomycin. The possible significance of this phylogenetic difference is discussed.	Davey PJ	1970.0	Arch Biochem Biophys	https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(70)90326-7	4313769.0	Davey PJ; Haslam JM; Linnane AW	article	D016428: Journal Article	D000818: Animals; D000900: Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002247: Carbon Isotopes; D002463: Cell Membrane Permeability; D003864: Depression, Chemical; D005947: Glucose; D005990: Glycerol; D006027: Glycosides; D007612: Kanamycin; D007930: Leucine; D008928: Mitochondria; D008930: Mitochondria, Liver; D009355: Neomycin; D010303: Paromomycin; D014176: Protein Biosynthesis; D051381: Rats; D012270: Ribosomes; D012440: Saccharomyces; D013045: Species Specificity; D013307: Streptomycin; D014756: Viomycin	None	None	https://openalex.org/W1553673266
1985	False	Protection from arabinofuranosylcytosine and n-mustard-induced myelotoxicity using hemoregulatory peptide pGlu-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys monomer and dimer	Abstract We have previously shown that the synthetic peptide pGlu-Glu-Asp-Cys- Lys (pEEDCK monomer) inhibits the cytostatic drug-induced proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells CFU-S. Keeping CFU-S quiescent by pEEDCK treatment renders them insensitive to cycle-specific cytostatic drugs and leads to reduced toxicity. Here we show that pEEDCK application during repeated (twice) administration of clinically relevant (nonlethal) 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) doses reduced the percentage of CFU-S in S-phase from 60%-70% to 25%-30% and led to a sustained stem cell number in the bone marrow (BM), whereas unprotected mice had lost about 75% of their CFU-S population. Owing to its cysteine content, the pEEDCK monomer is easily oxidized. The resulting dimer (pEEDCK)2 is a potent stimulator of hematopoiesis. As we show, it can be used for postchemotherapy acceleration of hematologic recovery, similar to the use of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors. A single injection of 30 micrograms/kg pEEDCK monomer to mice 2 hours before the second Ara-C injection retarded onset of neutropenia (by 2 to 3 days) and improved recovery after depression. The quantitative degree of neutropenia was not changed. Postchemotherapy (Ara-C administered twice, followed by N-mustard) infusion of the stimulatory (pEEDCK)2 dimer (1.4 micrograms/kg/d) produced a 4.6-fold increase of progenitor levels (6.7 CFU-GM/1,000 BM cells v 1.45 CFU-GM/1,000 in normal mice) 2 days after the end of the cytostatic treatment when CFU- GM were not detectable in unprotected mice. This increase was followed after several days by strongly elevated granulocyte counts, which remained high for approximately 1 week. Up to 75% of the peripheral leukocytes were mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during this phase. Ara-C (twice) and monomer treatment as above followed by dimer infusion resulted in the complete protection of hematopoiesis. Mice treated with the protective pEEDCK monomer plus stimulatory dimer did not develop the leukocyte depression noted in unprotected animals. The inhibitory monomer appears to keep the stem cell population numerically and qualitatively intact, thus providing optimum target cell conditions for the subsequent stimulator (dimer) treatment. Our results show that the hemoregulatory peptide monomer and dimer can be used for improving the hematologic status of mice treated with clinically relevant doses of cytostatic drugs (antimetabolite and alkylating, alone and in combination). Combining both peptides can prevent occurrence of neutropenia completely. Both peptides can be obtained easily by chemical synthesis and are also active on human cells. They are thus highly promising candidates for application as multilevel hemoprotectors in cancer chemotherapy.	Paukovits WR	1991.0	Blood	https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.6.1313.1313	2001454.0	Paukovits WR; Moser MH; Binder KA; Paukovits JB	article	D016428: Journal Article	D000818: Animals; D003561: Cytarabine; D004305: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260: Female; D006412: Hematopoietic Stem Cells; D051379: Mice; D008807: Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009150: Mustard Compounds; D009196: Myeloproliferative Disorders; D009503: Neutropenia; D009842: Oligopeptides; D011761: Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid	None	None	https://openalex.org/W225112278
1986	False	Hepatic Extraction of Indocyanine Green Is Depressed Early in Sepsis Despite Increased Hepatic Blood Flow and Cardiac Output	• Although active hepatocellular function is depressed during sepsis, it is not known whether this occurs in the very early stages of sepsis and whether it is due to depressed cardiac output or hepatic blood flow. To study this, rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture and hepatocellular function was determined at various intervals thereafter by assessing the ability of the liver to clear different doses of indocyanine green. The indocyanine green concentration was continuously measured in vivo with a fiberoptic catheter and an in vivo hemo-reflectometer. Maximal velocity and kinetic constant of the clearance of indocyanine green, hepatic blood flow, and cardiac output were determined in experimental and sham-operated rats. The results demonstrate that hepatic blood flow and cardiac output increased 2 to 10 hours after cecal ligation and puncture, while hepatocellular function (maximum velocity and kinetic constant) was decreased even 2 hours following cecal ligation and puncture. No linear correlation between hepatocellular function and hepatic blood flow or cardiac output was found under such conditions. The extremely early depression in active hepatocellular function, despite the increased hepatic blood flow and cardiac output, may form the basis for cellular dysfunctions leading to multiple organ failure during sepsis. (<i>Arch Surg</i>. 1991;126:219-224)	Wang P	1991.0	Arch Surg	https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1991.01410260109015	1992997.0	Wang P; Ba ZF; Chaudry IH	article	D016428: Journal Article; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.	D000818: Animals; D001424: Bacterial Infections; D001794: Blood Pressure; D001831: Body Temperature; D002302: Cardiac Output; D006400: Hematocrit; D007208: Indocyanine Green; D008099: Liver; D008102: Liver Circulation; D008297: Male; D008657: Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008833: Microcirculation; D010101: Oxygen Consumption; D051381: Rats; D011919: Rats, Inbred Strains; D014655: Vascular Resistance	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2150914609
1987	False	The testes after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia in prepubertal rats.	The ipsilateral and contralateral testes after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia were evaluated, and compared to the contralateral testis after unilateral testicular torsion in 30 prepubertal rats. Control, torsion and detorsion at 24 hours, and incarcerated inguinal hernia and reduction in the 24 hour groups, each consisting of ten rats were established. The testes were harvested after 15 days. Mean seminiferous tubular diameters (MSTD) and mean testicular biopsy scores (MTBS) were determined and compared. A decrease in MSTD and depression in MTBS, which was more prominent in the ipsilateral testes, were found in both ipsilateral and contralateral testes following unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia. The testicular damage encountered after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia was similar to the contralateral testicular damage following unilateral testicular torsion with the utilized parameters.	Tanyel FC	1989.0	Turk J Pediatr	None	2486425.0	Tanyel FC; Ayhan A; Büyükpamukçu N; Hiçsönmez A	article	D003160: Comparative Study; D016428: Journal Article	D000818: Animals; D006552: Hernia, Inguinal; D008297: Male; D051381: Rats; D013086: Spermatic Cord Torsion; D013737: Testis	None	None	https://openalex.org/W84106268
1988	False	Alterations in graft--ersus-host reactivity and peripheral leukocytes in mice after erythropoietin treatment.	Treatment of mice on four consecutive days with either erythropoietin (EP) or rabbit antimouse thymocyte serum (ATS) resulted in a significant reduction in antigenic reactivity of spleen cells as measured by the Simonsen assay. In normal animals, treatment with either EP or ATS resulted in lymphopenia and in most instances a neutrophilia and a variable monocytopenia. Similar alterations in these cell types were recorded for polycythemic mice subsequent to treatment with either EP or ATS. These data plus histologic analyses support the idea that there is an inverse relationship between the cells committed to differentiate along the lymphoid cell line and the cells committed to differentiate along myeloid cell lines. Further, the data are consistent with the "carrying capacity" concept regarding the stem cell microenvironment and support the monophyletic theory.	Kinnamon KE	1975.0	Exp Hematol	None	240732.0	Kinnamon KE; Blackwell LH; Ledney GD	article	D016428: Journal Article	D000818: Animals; D000961: Antilymphocyte Serum; D003864: Depression, Chemical; D004921: Erythropoietin; D005260: Female; D006087: Graft vs Host Reaction; D007165: Immunosuppression Therapy; D007958: Leukocyte Count; D007962: Leukocytes; D008297: Male; D051379: Mice; D008810: Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808: Mice, Inbred CBA; D009929: Organ Size; D013154: Spleen; D013268: Stimulation, Chemical; D013601: T-Lymphocytes	None	None	https://openalex.org/W1590422991
1989	True	Venlafaxine reverses decreased proliferation in the subventricular zone in a rat model of early life stress	It is believed that glucocorticoids control the proliferation of neural progenitor cells, and this process is highly involved in mood disorders and cognitive processes. Using the maternal separation model of chronic neonatal stress, it has been found that stress induced depressive-like behavior, cognitive deficits and a decrease in proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Venlafaxine reversed all deleterious effects of chronic stress by modulating HPA activity. These outcomes suggest modulation of stress-mediated glucocorticoid secretion as a target for the treatment of mood disorders and neurodegenerative processes.	Martisova E	2015.0	Behav Brain Res	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.059	26051818.0	Martisova E; Aisa B; Tordera RM; Puerta E; Solas M; Ramirez MJ	article	D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't	D000818: Animals; D001522: Behavior, Animal; D049109: Cell Proliferation; D003072: Cognition Disorders; D003345: Corticosterone; D003863: Depression; D020547: Lateral Ventricles; D008297: Male; D008426: Maternal Deprivation; D011897: Random Allocation; D051381: Rats; D011965: Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D013315: Stress, Psychological; D000069470: Venlafaxine Hydrochloride	None	None	https://openalex.org/W650183876
1990	False	Elevated guanosine 3?:5?-cyclic monophosphate mediates the depression of nitrovasodilator reactivity in endothelium-intact blood vessels	The influence of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO) on relaxation induced by the nitrovasodilators, sodium nitroprusside and sodium nitrite was assessed in phenylephrine-stimulated hamster thoracic aortas, a preparation that displays significant basal release of EDNO. Removal of the endothelium or treatment with the NO synthase inhibitors, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAG, 10-30 microM) or NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 100 microM) increased the potency and, except for sodium nitroprusside in endothelium-denuded segments, also increased the efficacy of the nitrovasodilators. Removal of the endothelium had no effect on relaxations induced by isoproterenol, an indication that these effects were specific for the nitrovasodilators. Removal of the endothelium, treatment of endothelium-intact preparations with L-NAG or L-NMMA, or exposure of these vessels to the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue (10 microM) increased reactivity of the aortas to the guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) analogue, 8-Br cGMP. Measurement of cGMP revealed that endothelium-intact segments had a 6.5 fold higher level of cGMP than endothelium-denuded preparations and that sodium nitroprusside increased cGMP in both preparations by similar amounts in a concentration-dependent fashion. Exposure of endothelium-denuded or L-NAG-treated segments to sodium nitroprusside, to mimic the effects of basally released EDNO, depressed sodium nitrite and 8-Br cGMP reactivity in a manner similar to endothelium-intact segments. These data indicate that EDNO increases cGMP levels in vascular smooth muscle and that the elevated cGMP levels depress nitrovasodilator and 8-Br cGMP reactivities.	Jackson WF	1991.0	Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol	https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00183010	1660105.0	Jackson WF; Busse R	article	D003160: Comparative Study; D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.	D000818: Animals; D001013: Aorta, Thoracic; D001120: Arginine; D006224: Cricetinae; D006152: Cyclic GMP; D004730: Endothelium, Vascular; D008297: Male; D008647: Mesocricetus; D009569: Nitric Oxide; D019335: Nitroarginine; D009599: Nitroprusside; D012977: Sodium Nitrite; D014665: Vasodilator Agents; D019323: omega-N-Methylarginine	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2028307206
1991	False	Electrophysiological studies on benzodiazepine antagonists	The actions of the benzodiazepine (BDZ) antagonists 3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline (3-HMC), Ro 14-7437 and Ro 15-1788 were tested on single cell activity of rat hypothalamic neurons in tissue cultures and on membrane properties of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons in transverse slices. In addition, we examined the interactions of some of these agents with inhibitions elicited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the ability of Ro 14-7437 to reverse the GABA-enhancing action of the BDZ agonist flurazepam. BDZ antagonists did not alter patterns of spontaneous activity of hypothalamic neurons and did not affect resting membrane potential or membrane conductance in CA1 pyramidal cells. Ro 14-7437 either partially or totally reversed the potentiation by flurazepam of GABA-elicited depression of hypothalamic neuronal activity. Small and inconsistent actions on GABA-mediated inhibitions of hypothalamic neurons were noted. Electrically-elicited inhibitions of hypothalamic neurons were either not altered or slightly reduced. In the hippocampal slice, the frequency of spontaneous IPSPs, the amplitude of stratum-radiatum evoked IPSPs and the conductance increase caused by stratum-radiatum stimulation were either not altered or slightly reduced. These findings demonstrate that non-convulsant BDZ antagonists block the action of BDZ agonists in facilitating GABA and further that the presence of a BDZ agonist is not required for these GABA-mediated events to occur. However, these experiments do not exclude a modulatory role for an endogenous BDZ agonist on GABA-mediated events.	Krespan B	1984.0	Brain Res	https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90975-2	6424866.0	Krespan B; Springfield SA; Haas H; Geller HM	article	D016428: Journal Article; D013486: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.	D000818: Animals; D001569: Benzodiazepines; D001570: Benzodiazepinones; D002243: Carbolines; D002478: Cells, Cultured; D004558: Electric Stimulation; D004594: Electrophysiology; D005442: Flumazenil; D005479: Flurazepam; D006624: Hippocampus; D007031: Hypothalamus; D007211: Indoles; D009433: Neural Inhibition; D009474: Neurons; D051381: Rats; D011919: Rats, Inbred Strains; D005680: gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2093958535
1992	False	Protective effect of deferoxamine on chromium(VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes	Incubation of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with K2CR2O7 and deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, resulted in a marked decrease in cellular levels of DNA single-strand breaks caused by K2Cr2O7. Cellular treatment with DFO also suppressed both dichromate-induced cytotoxicity--evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxidation--as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, treatment with DFO attenuated the suppression of the levels of vitamin E and C as well as the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase and glutathione peroxidase activity attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, DFO had no influence on the cellular level of glutathione or the activity of glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake and distribution of chromium were not affected by DFO. These results indicate that DFO protects cells from chromium (VI)-induced DNA strand breaks, cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E and C depression, and glutathione peroxidase inhibition The role of antioxidants in chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity, DNA breaks, and lipid peroxidation is discussed.	Susa N	1997.0	Arch Toxicol	https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040050397	9195015.0	Susa N; Ueno S; Furukawa Y; Sugiyama M	article	D016428: Journal Article	D000469: Alkaline Phosphatase; D000818: Animals; D000931: Antidotes; D001205: Ascorbic Acid; D002424: Caustics; D002478: Cells, Cultured; D004249: DNA Damage; D004277: DNA, Single-Stranded; D003676: Deferoxamine; D004305: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005978: Glutathione; D005979: Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980: Glutathione Reductase; D007770: L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D015227: Lipid Peroxidation; D008099: Liver; D008297: Male; D008315: Malondialdehyde; D011192: Potassium Dichromate; D051381: Rats; D017208: Rats, Wistar; D013482: Superoxide Dismutase; D014810: Vitamin E	None	None	https://openalex.org/W2055260391

Most frequently occurring

	include	title	abstract	first_author	year	journal	doi	pubmed_id	authors	pubmed_type	publication_types	mesh	openalex_id	# duplicates
1	False	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	38
3	True	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	11
0	False	Friday Abstracts	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.031	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	https://openalex.org/W4300397101	2
2	True	Design and Synthesis of Novel Arylpiperazine Derivatives Containing the Imidazole Core Targeting 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> Receptor and 5-HT Transporter	Serotonin antagonist reuptake inhibitor (SARI) drugs that block both 5-HT2 receptors and the serotonin transporters have been developed. The human 5-HT2A/2C receptor has been implicated in several neurological conditions, and potent selective 5-HT2A/2C ligands may have therapeutic potential for treatment of CNS diseases such as depression. An imidazole moiety usually provides good pharmacokinetic properties as a drug substance, and thus considerable efforts have been devoted to develop imidazole derivatives into drug candidates. The imidazole series of compounds was evaluated against 5-HT2A/2C and serotonin reuptake inhibition. A few of the compounds in the series showed promising IC50 values and antidepressant-like effect in in vivo forced swimming test (FST). On the basis of these results, further lead optimization studies resulted in identifying promising compounds potentially for therapeutic use.	Seo HJ	2011.0	J Med Chem	https://doi.org/10.1021/jm200682b	21823597.0	Seo HJ; Park EJ; Kim MJ; Kang SY; Lee SH; Kim HJ; Lee KN; Jung ME; Lee M; Kim MS; Son EJ; Park WK; Kim J; Lee J	article	D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't	D000818: Animals; D000928: Antidepressive Agents; D001667: Binding, Competitive; D016466: CHO Cells; D006224: Cricetinae; D003412: Cricetulus; D015195: Drug Design; D006801: Humans; D007093: Imidazoles; D008297: Male; D051379: Mice; D009043: Motor Activity; D010879: Piperazines; D011869: Radioligand Assay; D051381: Rats; D017207: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044402: Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D058830: Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists; D050486: Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017367: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013237: Stereoisomerism; D013329: Structure-Activity Relationship	https://openalex.org/W2314555710	2

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