Overview

Dataset statistics

Number of variables15
Number of observations1993
Missing cells5815
Missing cells (%)19.5%
Duplicate rows4
Duplicate rows (%)0.2%
Total size in memory220.1 KiB
Average record size in memory113.1 B

Variable types

Boolean1
Text9
Numeric2
Categorical1
Unsupported2

Alerts

pubmed_type has constant value "article"Constant
Dataset has 4 (0.2%) duplicate rowsDuplicates
pubmed_id is highly overall correlated with yearHigh correlation
year is highly overall correlated with pubmed_idHigh correlation
title has 54 (2.7%) missing valuesMissing
abstract has 256 (12.8%) missing valuesMissing
first_author has 138 (6.9%) missing valuesMissing
year has 131 (6.6%) missing valuesMissing
journal has 131 (6.6%) missing valuesMissing
doi has 408 (20.5%) missing valuesMissing
pubmed_id has 130 (6.5%) missing valuesMissing
authors has 131 (6.6%) missing valuesMissing
pubmed_type has 131 (6.6%) missing valuesMissing
publication_types has 131 (6.6%) missing valuesMissing
mesh has 131 (6.6%) missing valuesMissing
webofscience_id has 1993 (100.0%) missing valuesMissing
central_id has 1993 (100.0%) missing valuesMissing
openalex_id has 57 (2.9%) missing valuesMissing
webofscience_id is an unsupported type, check if it needs cleaning or further analysisUnsupported
central_id is an unsupported type, check if it needs cleaning or further analysisUnsupported

Reproduction

Analysis started2024-07-04 14:23:54.935006
Analysis finished2024-07-04 14:23:57.642344
Duration2.71 seconds
Software versionydata-profiling v4.8.3
Download configurationconfig.json

Variables

include
Boolean

Distinct2
Distinct (%)0.1%
Missing0
Missing (%)0.0%
Memory size2.1 KiB
False
1713 
True
280 
ValueCountFrequency (%)
False 1713
86.0%
True 280
 
14.0%
2024-07-04T16:23:57.799439image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

title
Text

MISSING 

Distinct1933
Distinct (%)99.7%
Missing54
Missing (%)2.7%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:23:58.067881image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length449
Median length164
Mean length104.60083
Min length7

Characters and Unicode

Total characters202821
Distinct characters111
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique1929 ?
Unique (%)99.5%

Sample

1st rowInhibition of cellular transport processes by 5-thio-<scp>d</scp>-glucopyranose
2nd row[Age-related characteristics of structural support for ovarian function].
3rd rowMagnesium in affective disorders.
4th rowLong‐lasting marked inhibition of periaqueductal gray‐evoked defensive behaviors in inescapably‐shocked rats
5th rowGlycine attenuates hepatocellular depression during early sepsis and reduces sepsis-induced mortality
ValueCountFrequency (%)
of 2056
 
7.8%
in 1321
 
5.0%
and 1089
 
4.1%
the 1074
 
4.1%
on 476
 
1.8%
a 315
 
1.2%
by 295
 
1.1%
effects 281
 
1.1%
effect 260
 
1.0%
depression 227
 
0.9%
Other values (6355) 18941
71.9%
2024-07-04T16:23:58.485154image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
24402
 
12.0%
e 18023
 
8.9%
i 15403
 
7.6%
n 14119
 
7.0%
t 13492
 
6.7%
o 13408
 
6.6%
a 12813
 
6.3%
r 10118
 
5.0%
s 9640
 
4.8%
c 7153
 
3.5%
Other values (101) 64250
31.7%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 202821
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
24402
 
12.0%
e 18023
 
8.9%
i 15403
 
7.6%
n 14119
 
7.0%
t 13492
 
6.7%
o 13408
 
6.6%
a 12813
 
6.3%
r 10118
 
5.0%
s 9640
 
4.8%
c 7153
 
3.5%
Other values (101) 64250
31.7%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 202821
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
24402
 
12.0%
e 18023
 
8.9%
i 15403
 
7.6%
n 14119
 
7.0%
t 13492
 
6.7%
o 13408
 
6.6%
a 12813
 
6.3%
r 10118
 
5.0%
s 9640
 
4.8%
c 7153
 
3.5%
Other values (101) 64250
31.7%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 202821
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
24402
 
12.0%
e 18023
 
8.9%
i 15403
 
7.6%
n 14119
 
7.0%
t 13492
 
6.7%
o 13408
 
6.6%
a 12813
 
6.3%
r 10118
 
5.0%
s 9640
 
4.8%
c 7153
 
3.5%
Other values (101) 64250
31.7%

abstract
Text

MISSING 

Distinct1736
Distinct (%)99.9%
Missing256
Missing (%)12.8%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:23:58.779690image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length29990
Median length1675
Mean length1444.5153
Min length98

Characters and Unicode

Total characters2509123
Distinct characters196
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique1735 ?
Unique (%)99.9%

Sample

1st row5-Thio-d-glucopyranose, the nearest analogue of normal d-glucose, which is proving a useful tool in examinations of d-glucose biochemistry, affects active and facilitated-diffusion transport processes. 5-Thio-d-glucose is readily transported in rabbit kidney-cortex slices and reaches a tissue/medium ratio of 6.5 within 40min. The sulphur analogue shows typical saturation kinetics with a K(m) value of 2.4mm and V(max.) value of 70mumol/h per g of cell water. Uptake of 5-thio-d-glucose is phlorrhizin-sensitive, Na(+)-dependent and energy-dependent. d-Galactose and methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside transport is competitively inhibited by 5-thio-d-glucose with K(i) values of 4.8 and 9.7mm respectively. 5-Thio-d-glucose thus shows all of the characteristics of active transport in kidney cortex. Transport of neutral amino acids in rat kidney cortex is inhibited by 5-thio-d-glucose. Thus 5.6mm-5-thio-d-glucose causes a 25-30% inhibition of the transport of glycine and the non-metabolized amino acids cycloleucine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. 5-Thio-d-glucose is freely taken up by the facilitated-diffusion transport system in rat diaphragm muscle. The sulphur analogue inhibits the transport of d-xylose in this tissue but has no effect on the uptake of d-arabinose. It is concluded that the ring heteroatom is not an effector of binding in the transport processes examined and causes no important alteration in the conformation of the sugar. The diabetogenic action produced by 5-thio-d-glucose is due, in part, to the ability of the analogue to interfere with cellular transport processes that use d-glucose.
2nd rowHistoenzymological assay was used to investigate various structures of the ovaries of rats of two groups aged 3-4 and 12-14 months during estral cycle. The activity of 3 beta-, 17 beta- and 20 alpha-steroid dehydrogenases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD and NADP-diaphorases, esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases was studied. It has been shown that transport alterations in the microcirculation including the hematofollicular barrier play, the leading part in age-dependent depression of reproductive and endocrine functions. Ageing rats demonstrated no linkage between endothelial, thecal and granular cells, which points to the injury of the histophysiological mechanisms of the follicular system integration.
3rd rowAbstract Clinical evidence suggests that depression and trauma predispose the subject to panic. Accordingly, here we examined the late effects of uncontrollable stress, a presumptive model of depression and/or traumatic disorder, on panic‐like behaviors evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray ( DPAG ). Changes in anxiety and depression were also assessed in the elevated plus‐maze ( EPM ) and forced‐swimming test ( FST ), respectively. Rats with electrodes in the DPAG were subjected to a 7‐day shuttle‐box one‐way escape yoked training with foot‐shocks either escapable ( ES ) or inescapable ( IS ). The day after the end of one‐way escape training, rats were trained in a two‐way escape novel task (test‐session) to ascertain the effectiveness of uncontrollable stress. DPAG stimulations were carried out in an open field, both before the escape training and 2 and 7 days after it, and EPM and FST were performed on the 8th and 10th days afterwards, respectively. Controls were either trained with fictive shocks ( FS ) or subjected to intracranial stimulations only. Although the ES rats performed significantly better than the IS group in the two‐way escape task, groups did not differ with respect to either the anxiety or depression scores. Unexpectedly, however, IS rats showed a marked attenuation of DPAG ‐evoked freezing and flight behaviors relative to both the ES and FS groups, 2 and 7 days after one‐way escape training. The conjoint inhibition of passive (freezing) and active (flight) defensive behaviors suggests that IS inhibits a DPAG in‐built motivational system that may be implicated in depressed patients' difficulties in coping with daily‐life stress.
4th rowTo determine whether administration of glycine, a nonessential amino acid, early after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis has any beneficial effects on hepatocellular function and the survivability of septic animals and, if so, whether the beneficial effects of glycine are associated with down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study.A university research laboratory.Male adult rats were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or sham operation followed by the administration of normal saline solution.At 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, glycine (0.6 mmol/kg) or vehicle (normal saline solution) was administered intravenously over 15 mins. At 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture (i.e., early stage of sepsis), hepatocellular function (i.e., the maximal velocity and efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance) was determined and hepatocyte injury was assessed by measuring plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In additional animals, the necrotic cecum was excised at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture, the peritoneal cavity was irrigated with saline, and the midline incision was closed in layers. Mortality was monitored for 10 days thereafter. The results indicate that hepatocellular function was depressed in the early stage of sepsis (i.e., 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture) as indicated by significant decreases in both maximal velocity and transport efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance. Plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were elevated significantly at that interval after cecal ligation and puncture. Administration of glycine 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, however, increased maximal velocity and maximal efficiency by 60% and 101% (p <.05), respectively. Glycine administration in septic animals decreased alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by 43% and 80% (p <.05). In addition, glycine treatment decreased the mortality rate from 50% to 0% (p <.05) at 10 days after cecal ligation and puncture and cecal excision.It appears that the beneficial effect of glycine on hepatocyte function and integrity in sepsis may be mediated via down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Because administration of glycine attenuated hepatocellular depression and injury during early sepsis and decreased sepsis-induced mortality rates, this amino acid appears to be a useful adjunct for maintaining cellular functions and preventing lethality from polymicrobial sepsis.
5th rowBanxia-houpu decoction is a safe and effective traditional Chinese medicinal formula used in the treatment of mild and manic-depressive disorders for centuries. There has been increasing interest in its therapeutic application in depression. However, the mechanisms behind behavioural changes are still poorly understood. Chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced preference behaviour change has been used as a model to predict the clinical efficacy of many types of antidepressant treatment. Both EtOH and water extracts (AE and WE) of Banxia-houpu decoction exhibited a significantly increased sucrose intake in the CMS model in rats, but there was no effect in unstressed animals. In the present study, it was found that the c-fos expression in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum corpora were very high in the CMS model in rats. WE and AE at a dose of 130 mg/kg exhibited a significantly decreased c-fos expression in the cerebral regions in CMS model in rats, respectively. The former was more potent than the latter. However, no significant changes in the c-fos expression were observed in unstressed rats treated with the decoction. Fluoxetine not only significantly reduced c-fos expression in all regions in the CMS model in rats, but only showed a marked decrease in c-fos expression in the hippocampus in unstressed animals. A different molecular mechanism of Banxia-houpu decoction and fluoxetine may be implied. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum conpora might be important structural substrates in the central nervous system mediating the section of the Banxia-houpu decoction on preference behaviour in CMS-induced rats, and fos protein might be the common substrate of the signal transduction process of the decoction.
ValueCountFrequency (%)
the 20397
 
5.6%
of 17156
 
4.7%
in 11711
 
3.2%
and 11462
 
3.2%
to 6396
 
1.8%
a 5490
 
1.5%
was 3553
 
1.0%
by 3547
 
1.0%
with 3398
 
0.9%
that 3105
 
0.9%
Other values (28100) 277214
76.3%
2024-07-04T16:23:59.222619image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
361625
14.4%
e 244413
 
9.7%
t 172833
 
6.9%
i 166263
 
6.6%
a 154871
 
6.2%
n 152592
 
6.1%
o 144465
 
5.8%
s 128785
 
5.1%
r 123792
 
4.9%
d 81452
 
3.2%
Other values (186) 778032
31.0%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 2509123
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
361625
14.4%
e 244413
 
9.7%
t 172833
 
6.9%
i 166263
 
6.6%
a 154871
 
6.2%
n 152592
 
6.1%
o 144465
 
5.8%
s 128785
 
5.1%
r 123792
 
4.9%
d 81452
 
3.2%
Other values (186) 778032
31.0%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 2509123
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
361625
14.4%
e 244413
 
9.7%
t 172833
 
6.9%
i 166263
 
6.6%
a 154871
 
6.2%
n 152592
 
6.1%
o 144465
 
5.8%
s 128785
 
5.1%
r 123792
 
4.9%
d 81452
 
3.2%
Other values (186) 778032
31.0%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 2509123
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
361625
14.4%
e 244413
 
9.7%
t 172833
 
6.9%
i 166263
 
6.6%
a 154871
 
6.2%
n 152592
 
6.1%
o 144465
 
5.8%
s 128785
 
5.1%
r 123792
 
4.9%
d 81452
 
3.2%
Other values (186) 778032
31.0%

first_author
Text

MISSING 

Distinct1814
Distinct (%)97.8%
Missing138
Missing (%)6.9%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:23:59.534973image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length38
Median length22
Mean length9.2091644
Min length4

Characters and Unicode

Total characters17083
Distinct characters72
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique1774 ?
Unique (%)95.6%

Sample

1st rowWhistler RL
2nd rowKoval'skiĭ GB
3rd rowQuintino-dos-Santos JW
4th rowYang S
5th rowZhang W
ValueCountFrequency (%)
m 99
 
2.6%
j 71
 
1.9%
a 59
 
1.6%
t 56
 
1.5%
s 55
 
1.5%
k 54
 
1.4%
c 48
 
1.3%
h 48
 
1.3%
r 44
 
1.2%
p 41
 
1.1%
Other values (2008) 3166
84.6%
2024-07-04T16:24:00.042057image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
1886
 
11.0%
a 1318
 
7.7%
e 1104
 
6.5%
n 908
 
5.3%
r 837
 
4.9%
i 819
 
4.8%
o 761
 
4.5%
s 569
 
3.3%
l 543
 
3.2%
t 434
 
2.5%
Other values (62) 7904
46.3%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 17083
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
1886
 
11.0%
a 1318
 
7.7%
e 1104
 
6.5%
n 908
 
5.3%
r 837
 
4.9%
i 819
 
4.8%
o 761
 
4.5%
s 569
 
3.3%
l 543
 
3.2%
t 434
 
2.5%
Other values (62) 7904
46.3%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 17083
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
1886
 
11.0%
a 1318
 
7.7%
e 1104
 
6.5%
n 908
 
5.3%
r 837
 
4.9%
i 819
 
4.8%
o 761
 
4.5%
s 569
 
3.3%
l 543
 
3.2%
t 434
 
2.5%
Other values (62) 7904
46.3%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 17083
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
1886
 
11.0%
a 1318
 
7.7%
e 1104
 
6.5%
n 908
 
5.3%
r 837
 
4.9%
i 819
 
4.8%
o 761
 
4.5%
s 569
 
3.3%
l 543
 
3.2%
t 434
 
2.5%
Other values (62) 7904
46.3%

year
Real number (ℝ)

HIGH CORRELATION  MISSING 

Distinct60
Distinct (%)3.2%
Missing131
Missing (%)6.6%
Infinite0
Infinite (%)0.0%
Mean1993.3131
Minimum1921
Maximum2017
Zeros0
Zeros (%)0.0%
Negative0
Negative (%)0.0%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:24:00.201128image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Quantile statistics

Minimum1921
5-th percentile1969
Q11979
median1994
Q32008
95-th percentile2015
Maximum2017
Range96
Interquartile range (IQR)29

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation15.637457
Coefficient of variation (CV)0.0078449578
Kurtosis-1.1005771
Mean1993.3131
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)14
Skewness-0.21285549
Sum3711549
Variance244.53007
MonotonicityNot monotonic
2024-07-04T16:24:00.360043image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
2015 70
 
3.5%
2010 60
 
3.0%
2013 59
 
3.0%
2012 59
 
3.0%
2014 57
 
2.9%
2008 56
 
2.8%
1975 56
 
2.8%
2011 51
 
2.6%
2007 49
 
2.5%
1969 47
 
2.4%
Other values (50) 1298
65.1%
(Missing) 131
 
6.6%
ValueCountFrequency (%)
1921 1
 
0.1%
1950 1
 
0.1%
1954 1
 
0.1%
1955 1
 
0.1%
1961 1
 
0.1%
1963 3
 
0.2%
1964 1
 
0.1%
1965 2
 
0.1%
1966 3
 
0.2%
1967 14
0.7%
ValueCountFrequency (%)
2017 4
 
0.2%
2016 36
1.8%
2015 70
3.5%
2014 57
2.9%
2013 59
3.0%
2012 59
3.0%
2011 51
2.6%
2010 60
3.0%
2009 41
2.1%
2008 56
2.8%

journal
Text

MISSING 

Distinct748
Distinct (%)40.2%
Missing131
Missing (%)6.6%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:24:00.742266image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length60
Median length39
Mean length15.910311
Min length3

Characters and Unicode

Total characters29625
Distinct characters62
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique477 ?
Unique (%)25.6%

Sample

1st rowBiochem J
2nd rowBiull Eksp Biol Med
3rd rowEur J Neurosci
4th rowCrit Care Med
5th rowPhytother Res
ValueCountFrequency (%)
j 567
 
11.3%
pharmacol 208
 
4.2%
res 196
 
3.9%
physiol 136
 
2.7%
biol 128
 
2.6%
med 117
 
2.3%
neurosci 109
 
2.2%
sci 93
 
1.9%
exp 88
 
1.8%
brain 86
 
1.7%
Other values (659) 3276
65.5%
2024-07-04T16:24:01.225096image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
3142
 
10.6%
o 2423
 
8.2%
e 1872
 
6.3%
a 1743
 
5.9%
r 1738
 
5.9%
i 1721
 
5.8%
l 1465
 
4.9%
c 1440
 
4.9%
h 1347
 
4.5%
s 1179
 
4.0%
Other values (52) 11555
39.0%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 29625
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
3142
 
10.6%
o 2423
 
8.2%
e 1872
 
6.3%
a 1743
 
5.9%
r 1738
 
5.9%
i 1721
 
5.8%
l 1465
 
4.9%
c 1440
 
4.9%
h 1347
 
4.5%
s 1179
 
4.0%
Other values (52) 11555
39.0%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 29625
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
3142
 
10.6%
o 2423
 
8.2%
e 1872
 
6.3%
a 1743
 
5.9%
r 1738
 
5.9%
i 1721
 
5.8%
l 1465
 
4.9%
c 1440
 
4.9%
h 1347
 
4.5%
s 1179
 
4.0%
Other values (52) 11555
39.0%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 29625
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
3142
 
10.6%
o 2423
 
8.2%
e 1872
 
6.3%
a 1743
 
5.9%
r 1738
 
5.9%
i 1721
 
5.8%
l 1465
 
4.9%
c 1440
 
4.9%
h 1347
 
4.5%
s 1179
 
4.0%
Other values (52) 11555
39.0%

doi
Text

MISSING 

Distinct1583
Distinct (%)99.9%
Missing408
Missing (%)20.5%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:24:01.447323image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length81
Median length75
Mean length42.224606
Min length16

Characters and Unicode

Total characters66926
Distinct characters59
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique1581 ?
Unique (%)99.7%

Sample

1st rowhttps://doi.org/10.1042/bj1300919
2nd rowhttps://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12410
3rd rowhttps://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200106000-00024
4th rowhttps://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1391
5th rowhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s007020170077
ValueCountFrequency (%)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.031 2
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1021/jm200682b 2
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199409000-00009 1
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200106000-00024 1
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020170077 1
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-011-0580-4 1
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1980.tb02450.x 1
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199012000-00013 1
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017 1
 
0.1%
https://doi.org/10.5692/clinicalneurol.52.900 1
 
0.1%
Other values (1573) 1573
99.2%
2024-07-04T16:24:02.146271image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
0 7998
 
12.0%
1 6940
 
10.4%
/ 6368
 
9.5%
. 5678
 
8.5%
o 3469
 
5.2%
t 3312
 
4.9%
2 2299
 
3.4%
s 2080
 
3.1%
9 1975
 
3.0%
p 1968
 
2.9%
Other values (49) 24839
37.1%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 66926
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
0 7998
 
12.0%
1 6940
 
10.4%
/ 6368
 
9.5%
. 5678
 
8.5%
o 3469
 
5.2%
t 3312
 
4.9%
2 2299
 
3.4%
s 2080
 
3.1%
9 1975
 
3.0%
p 1968
 
2.9%
Other values (49) 24839
37.1%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 66926
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
0 7998
 
12.0%
1 6940
 
10.4%
/ 6368
 
9.5%
. 5678
 
8.5%
o 3469
 
5.2%
t 3312
 
4.9%
2 2299
 
3.4%
s 2080
 
3.1%
9 1975
 
3.0%
p 1968
 
2.9%
Other values (49) 24839
37.1%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 66926
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
0 7998
 
12.0%
1 6940
 
10.4%
/ 6368
 
9.5%
. 5678
 
8.5%
o 3469
 
5.2%
t 3312
 
4.9%
2 2299
 
3.4%
s 2080
 
3.1%
9 1975
 
3.0%
p 1968
 
2.9%
Other values (49) 24839
37.1%

pubmed_id
Real number (ℝ)

HIGH CORRELATION  MISSING 

Distinct1862
Distinct (%)99.9%
Missing130
Missing (%)6.5%
Infinite0
Infinite (%)0.0%
Mean11054223
Minimum5952
Maximum27139778
Zeros0
Zeros (%)0.0%
Negative0
Negative (%)0.0%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:24:02.502403image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Quantile statistics

Minimum5952
5-th percentile691336.6
Q14234557.5
median8335579
Q318660154
95-th percentile25576058
Maximum27139778
Range27133826
Interquartile range (IQR)14425596

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation8358624.8
Coefficient of variation (CV)0.75614766
Kurtosis-1.1972611
Mean11054223
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)6330167
Skewness0.45702762
Sum2.0594017 × 1010
Variance6.9866608 × 1013
MonotonicityNot monotonic
2024-07-04T16:24:02.735120image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
21823597 2
 
0.1%
4656804 1
 
0.1%
14580049 1
 
0.1%
2546625 1
 
0.1%
17288742 1
 
0.1%
5581339 1
 
0.1%
4299131 1
 
0.1%
4372916 1
 
0.1%
1215639 1
 
0.1%
26472708 1
 
0.1%
Other values (1852) 1852
92.9%
(Missing) 130
 
6.5%
ValueCountFrequency (%)
5952 1
0.1%
6299 1
0.1%
6684 1
0.1%
10338 1
0.1%
16607 1
0.1%
25053 1
0.1%
27281 1
0.1%
32943 1
0.1%
34976 1
0.1%
36541 1
0.1%
ValueCountFrequency (%)
27139778 1
0.1%
27107027 1
0.1%
27092339 1
0.1%
27082990 1
0.1%
27062563 1
0.1%
27044434 1
0.1%
27037280 1
0.1%
26985036 1
0.1%
26956153 1
0.1%
26921875 1
0.1%

authors
Text

MISSING 

Distinct1852
Distinct (%)99.5%
Missing131
Missing (%)6.6%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:24:03.063910image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length239
Median length120
Mean length42.276047
Min length0

Characters and Unicode

Total characters78718
Distinct characters92
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique1847 ?
Unique (%)99.2%

Sample

1st rowWhistler RL; Lake WC
2nd rowKoval'skiĭ GB
3rd rowQuintino-dos-Santos JW; Müller CJ; Santos AM; Tufik S; Rosa CA; Schenberg LC
4th rowYang S; Koo DJ; Chaudry IH; Wang P
5th rowZhang W; Li J; Zhu J; Shi Z; Wang Y; Kong L
ValueCountFrequency (%)
m 390
 
2.6%
j 327
 
2.2%
a 300
 
2.0%
s 252
 
1.7%
t 228
 
1.5%
h 220
 
1.5%
r 214
 
1.4%
k 191
 
1.3%
p 178
 
1.2%
c 173
 
1.1%
Other values (6097) 12610
83.6%
2024-07-04T16:24:03.538415image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
13228
16.8%
; 5622
 
7.1%
a 5182
 
6.6%
e 4308
 
5.5%
n 3563
 
4.5%
i 3382
 
4.3%
r 3230
 
4.1%
o 3155
 
4.0%
l 2160
 
2.7%
s 2075
 
2.6%
Other values (82) 32813
41.7%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 78718
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
13228
16.8%
; 5622
 
7.1%
a 5182
 
6.6%
e 4308
 
5.5%
n 3563
 
4.5%
i 3382
 
4.3%
r 3230
 
4.1%
o 3155
 
4.0%
l 2160
 
2.7%
s 2075
 
2.6%
Other values (82) 32813
41.7%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 78718
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
13228
16.8%
; 5622
 
7.1%
a 5182
 
6.6%
e 4308
 
5.5%
n 3563
 
4.5%
i 3382
 
4.3%
r 3230
 
4.1%
o 3155
 
4.0%
l 2160
 
2.7%
s 2075
 
2.6%
Other values (82) 32813
41.7%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 78718
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
13228
16.8%
; 5622
 
7.1%
a 5182
 
6.6%
e 4308
 
5.5%
n 3563
 
4.5%
i 3382
 
4.3%
r 3230
 
4.1%
o 3155
 
4.0%
l 2160
 
2.7%
s 2075
 
2.6%
Other values (82) 32813
41.7%

pubmed_type
Categorical

CONSTANT  MISSING 

Distinct1
Distinct (%)0.1%
Missing131
Missing (%)6.6%
Memory size15.7 KiB
article
1862 

Length

Max length7
Median length7
Mean length7
Min length7

Characters and Unicode

Total characters13034
Distinct characters7
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique0 ?
Unique (%)0.0%

Sample

1st rowarticle
2nd rowarticle
3rd rowarticle
4th rowarticle
5th rowarticle

Common Values

ValueCountFrequency (%)
article 1862
93.4%
(Missing) 131
 
6.6%

Length

2024-07-04T16:24:03.671178image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
Histogram of lengths of the category

Common Values (Plot)

2024-07-04T16:24:03.770525image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
ValueCountFrequency (%)
article 1862
100.0%

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
a 1862
14.3%
r 1862
14.3%
t 1862
14.3%
i 1862
14.3%
c 1862
14.3%
l 1862
14.3%
e 1862
14.3%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 13034
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
a 1862
14.3%
r 1862
14.3%
t 1862
14.3%
i 1862
14.3%
c 1862
14.3%
l 1862
14.3%
e 1862
14.3%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 13034
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
a 1862
14.3%
r 1862
14.3%
t 1862
14.3%
i 1862
14.3%
c 1862
14.3%
l 1862
14.3%
e 1862
14.3%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 13034
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
a 1862
14.3%
r 1862
14.3%
t 1862
14.3%
i 1862
14.3%
c 1862
14.3%
l 1862
14.3%
e 1862
14.3%

publication_types
Text

MISSING 

Distinct77
Distinct (%)4.1%
Missing131
Missing (%)6.6%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:24:03.908562image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length205
Median length197
Mean length56.644468
Min length13

Characters and Unicode

Total characters105472
Distinct characters56
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique41 ?
Unique (%)2.2%

Sample

1st rowD016428: Journal Article
2nd rowD003160: Comparative Study; D004740: English Abstract; D016428: Journal Article
3rd rowD016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
4th rowD016430: Clinical Trial; D016428: Journal Article; D016449: Randomized Controlled Trial; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
5th rowD016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ValueCountFrequency (%)
article 1852
14.6%
d016428 1851
14.6%
journal 1851
14.6%
research 1141
9.0%
support 1141
9.0%
gov't 1008
8.0%
d013485 701
 
5.5%
non-u.s 701
 
5.5%
u.s 307
 
2.4%
d013487 231
 
1.8%
Other values (58) 1878
14.8%
2024-07-04T16:24:04.276740image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
10800
 
10.2%
r 6606
 
6.3%
o 5061
 
4.8%
t 4741
 
4.5%
e 4473
 
4.2%
0 4095
 
3.9%
l 4016
 
3.8%
a 3848
 
3.6%
D 3361
 
3.2%
: 3361
 
3.2%
Other values (46) 55110
52.3%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 105472
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
10800
 
10.2%
r 6606
 
6.3%
o 5061
 
4.8%
t 4741
 
4.5%
e 4473
 
4.2%
0 4095
 
3.9%
l 4016
 
3.8%
a 3848
 
3.6%
D 3361
 
3.2%
: 3361
 
3.2%
Other values (46) 55110
52.3%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 105472
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
10800
 
10.2%
r 6606
 
6.3%
o 5061
 
4.8%
t 4741
 
4.5%
e 4473
 
4.2%
0 4095
 
3.9%
l 4016
 
3.8%
a 3848
 
3.6%
D 3361
 
3.2%
: 3361
 
3.2%
Other values (46) 55110
52.3%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 105472
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
10800
 
10.2%
r 6606
 
6.3%
o 5061
 
4.8%
t 4741
 
4.5%
e 4473
 
4.2%
0 4095
 
3.9%
l 4016
 
3.8%
a 3848
 
3.6%
D 3361
 
3.2%
: 3361
 
3.2%
Other values (46) 55110
52.3%

mesh
Text

MISSING 

Distinct1809
Distinct (%)97.2%
Missing131
Missing (%)6.6%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:24:04.560491image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length1060
Median length524
Mean length345.80021
Min length0

Characters and Unicode

Total characters643880
Distinct characters71
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique1807 ?
Unique (%)97.0%

Sample

1st rowD000596: Amino Acids; D000621: Aminoisobutyric Acids; D000818: Animals; D001089: Arabinose; D001693: Biological Transport, Active; D003864: Depression, Chemical; D003964: Diaphragm; D005690: Galactose; D005947: Glucose; D005998: Glycine; D007668: Kidney; D007672: Kidney Cortex; D007700: Kinetics; D007930: Leucine; D009132: Muscles; D010695: Phlorhizin; D011817: Rabbits; D051381: Rats; D012964: Sodium; D013440: Sulfides; D013997: Time Factors; D014867: Water; D014994: Xylose
2nd rowD000375: Aging; D000818: Animals; D004971: Estrus; D005260: Female; D006651: Histocytochemistry; D006080: Ovarian Follicle; D010053: Ovary; D011247: Pregnancy; D051381: Rats
3rd rowD000818: Animals; D001008: Anxiety Disorders; D003866: Depressive Disorder; D004567: Electrodes, Implanted; D004597: Electroshock; D004924: Escape Reaction; D008297: Male; D009043: Motor Activity; D009483: Neuropsychological Tests; D010200: Panic; D010487: Periaqueductal Gray; D051381: Rats; D017208: Rats, Wistar; D013315: Stress, Psychological
4th rowD000704: Analysis of Variance; D000818: Animals; D002118: Calcium; D002432: Cecum; D004396: Coloring Agents; D015536: Down-Regulation; D004797: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005982: Glutathione Transferase; D005998: Glycine; D007208: Indocyanine Green; D008107: Liver Diseases; D008297: Male; D011446: Prospective Studies; D011677: Punctures; D051381: Rats; D018805: Sepsis; D014409: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
5th rowD000818: Animals; D000928: Antidepressive Agents; D001522: Behavior, Animal; D001921: Brain; D004365: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007150: Immunohistochemistry; D008297: Male; D008517: Phytotherapy; D010936: Plant Extracts; D010946: Plants, Medicinal; D016760: Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D051381: Rats; D017207: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D040921: Stress Disorders, Traumatic
ValueCountFrequency (%)
animals 1828
 
2.7%
d000818 1771
 
2.6%
rats 1293
 
1.9%
male 926
 
1.4%
d008297 922
 
1.3%
d051381 804
 
1.2%
depression 759
 
1.1%
chemical 651
 
1.0%
mice 604
 
0.9%
d003864 525
 
0.8%
Other values (9326) 58357
85.3%
2024-07-04T16:24:05.034357image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
66631
 
10.3%
0 53820
 
8.4%
e 34526
 
5.4%
i 30164
 
4.7%
D 29397
 
4.6%
: 25945
 
4.0%
a 25172
 
3.9%
n 24689
 
3.8%
; 24136
 
3.7%
s 23912
 
3.7%
Other values (61) 305488
47.4%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 643880
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
66631
 
10.3%
0 53820
 
8.4%
e 34526
 
5.4%
i 30164
 
4.7%
D 29397
 
4.6%
: 25945
 
4.0%
a 25172
 
3.9%
n 24689
 
3.8%
; 24136
 
3.7%
s 23912
 
3.7%
Other values (61) 305488
47.4%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 643880
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
66631
 
10.3%
0 53820
 
8.4%
e 34526
 
5.4%
i 30164
 
4.7%
D 29397
 
4.6%
: 25945
 
4.0%
a 25172
 
3.9%
n 24689
 
3.8%
; 24136
 
3.7%
s 23912
 
3.7%
Other values (61) 305488
47.4%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 643880
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
66631
 
10.3%
0 53820
 
8.4%
e 34526
 
5.4%
i 30164
 
4.7%
D 29397
 
4.6%
: 25945
 
4.0%
a 25172
 
3.9%
n 24689
 
3.8%
; 24136
 
3.7%
s 23912
 
3.7%
Other values (61) 305488
47.4%

webofscience_id
Unsupported

MISSING  REJECTED  UNSUPPORTED 

Missing1993
Missing (%)100.0%
Memory size15.7 KiB

central_id
Unsupported

MISSING  REJECTED  UNSUPPORTED 

Missing1993
Missing (%)100.0%
Memory size15.7 KiB

openalex_id
Text

MISSING 

Distinct1934
Distinct (%)99.9%
Missing57
Missing (%)2.9%
Memory size15.7 KiB
2024-07-04T16:24:05.293097image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Length

Max length32
Median length32
Mean length31.965393
Min length29

Characters and Unicode

Total characters61885
Distinct characters26
Distinct categories1 ?
Distinct scripts1 ?
Distinct blocks1 ?
The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique1932 ?
Unique (%)99.8%

Sample

1st rowhttps://openalex.org/W2401025235
2nd rowhttps://openalex.org/W2410512259
3rd rowhttps://openalex.org/W2418079034
4th rowhttps://openalex.org/W2017388204
5th rowhttps://openalex.org/W1995720522
ValueCountFrequency (%)
https://openalex.org/w4300397101 2
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2314555710 2
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2461574710 1
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2075384196 1
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2017388204 1
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w1995720522 1
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w1996157110 1
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2006608223 1
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2418627755 1
 
0.1%
https://openalex.org/w2051971541 1
 
0.1%
Other values (1924) 1924
99.4%
2024-07-04T16:24:05.676303image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Most occurring characters

ValueCountFrequency (%)
/ 5808
 
9.4%
p 3872
 
6.3%
o 3872
 
6.3%
e 3872
 
6.3%
t 3872
 
6.3%
2 3061
 
4.9%
0 2394
 
3.9%
1 2229
 
3.6%
h 1936
 
3.1%
. 1936
 
3.1%
Other values (16) 29033
46.9%

Most occurring categories

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 61885
100.0%

Most frequent character per category

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
/ 5808
 
9.4%
p 3872
 
6.3%
o 3872
 
6.3%
e 3872
 
6.3%
t 3872
 
6.3%
2 3061
 
4.9%
0 2394
 
3.9%
1 2229
 
3.6%
h 1936
 
3.1%
. 1936
 
3.1%
Other values (16) 29033
46.9%

Most occurring scripts

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 61885
100.0%

Most frequent character per script

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
/ 5808
 
9.4%
p 3872
 
6.3%
o 3872
 
6.3%
e 3872
 
6.3%
t 3872
 
6.3%
2 3061
 
4.9%
0 2394
 
3.9%
1 2229
 
3.6%
h 1936
 
3.1%
. 1936
 
3.1%
Other values (16) 29033
46.9%

Most occurring blocks

ValueCountFrequency (%)
(unknown) 61885
100.0%

Most frequent character per block

(unknown)
ValueCountFrequency (%)
/ 5808
 
9.4%
p 3872
 
6.3%
o 3872
 
6.3%
e 3872
 
6.3%
t 3872
 
6.3%
2 3061
 
4.9%
0 2394
 
3.9%
1 2229
 
3.6%
h 1936
 
3.1%
. 1936
 
3.1%
Other values (16) 29033
46.9%

Interactions

2024-07-04T16:23:56.528276image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
2024-07-04T16:23:56.238606image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
2024-07-04T16:23:56.630467image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
2024-07-04T16:23:56.404946image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/

Correlations

2024-07-04T16:24:05.767989image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
includepubmed_idyear
include1.0000.3120.325
pubmed_id0.3121.0000.854
year0.3250.8541.000

Missing values

2024-07-04T16:23:56.780694image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
A simple visualization of nullity by column.
2024-07-04T16:23:57.019552image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.
2024-07-04T16:23:57.476048image/svg+xmlMatplotlib v3.8.4, https://matplotlib.org/
The correlation heatmap measures nullity correlation: how strongly the presence or absence of one variable affects the presence of another.

Sample

includetitleabstractfirst_authoryearjournaldoipubmed_idauthorspubmed_typepublication_typesmeshwebofscience_idcentral_idopenalex_id
0FalseInhibition of cellular transport processes by 5-thio-<scp>d</scp>-glucopyranose5-Thio-d-glucopyranose, the nearest analogue of normal d-glucose, which is proving a useful tool in examinations of d-glucose biochemistry, affects active and facilitated-diffusion transport processes. 5-Thio-d-glucose is readily transported in rabbit kidney-cortex slices and reaches a tissue/medium ratio of 6.5 within 40min. The sulphur analogue shows typical saturation kinetics with a K(m) value of 2.4mm and V(max.) value of 70mumol/h per g of cell water. Uptake of 5-thio-d-glucose is phlorrhizin-sensitive, Na(+)-dependent and energy-dependent. d-Galactose and methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside transport is competitively inhibited by 5-thio-d-glucose with K(i) values of 4.8 and 9.7mm respectively. 5-Thio-d-glucose thus shows all of the characteristics of active transport in kidney cortex. Transport of neutral amino acids in rat kidney cortex is inhibited by 5-thio-d-glucose. Thus 5.6mm-5-thio-d-glucose causes a 25-30% inhibition of the transport of glycine and the non-metabolized amino acids cycloleucine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. 5-Thio-d-glucose is freely taken up by the facilitated-diffusion transport system in rat diaphragm muscle. The sulphur analogue inhibits the transport of d-xylose in this tissue but has no effect on the uptake of d-arabinose. It is concluded that the ring heteroatom is not an effector of binding in the transport processes examined and causes no important alteration in the conformation of the sugar. The diabetogenic action produced by 5-thio-d-glucose is due, in part, to the ability of the analogue to interfere with cellular transport processes that use d-glucose.Whistler RL1972.0Biochem Jhttps://doi.org/10.1042/bj13009194656804.0Whistler RL; Lake WCarticleD016428: Journal ArticleD000596: Amino Acids; D000621: Aminoisobutyric Acids; D000818: Animals; D001089: Arabinose; D001693: Biological Transport, Active; D003864: Depression, Chemical; D003964: Diaphragm; D005690: Galactose; D005947: Glucose; D005998: Glycine; D007668: Kidney; D007672: Kidney Cortex; D007700: Kinetics; D007930: Leucine; D009132: Muscles; D010695: Phlorhizin; D011817: Rabbits; D051381: Rats; D012964: Sodium; D013440: Sulfides; D013997: Time Factors; D014867: Water; D014994: XyloseNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2401025235
1False[Age-related characteristics of structural support for ovarian function].Histoenzymological assay was used to investigate various structures of the ovaries of rats of two groups aged 3-4 and 12-14 months during estral cycle. The activity of 3 beta-, 17 beta- and 20 alpha-steroid dehydrogenases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD and NADP-diaphorases, esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases was studied. It has been shown that transport alterations in the microcirculation including the hematofollicular barrier play, the leading part in age-dependent depression of reproductive and endocrine functions. Ageing rats demonstrated no linkage between endothelial, thecal and granular cells, which points to the injury of the histophysiological mechanisms of the follicular system integration.Koval'skiĭ GB1984.0Biull Eksp Biol MedNone6542443.0Koval'skiĭ GBarticleD003160: Comparative Study; D004740: English Abstract; D016428: Journal ArticleD000375: Aging; D000818: Animals; D004971: Estrus; D005260: Female; D006651: Histocytochemistry; D006080: Ovarian Follicle; D010053: Ovary; D011247: Pregnancy; D051381: RatsNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2410512259
2FalseMagnesium in affective disorders.NoneNoneNaNNoneNoneNaNNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2418079034
3TrueLong‐lasting marked inhibition of periaqueductal gray‐evoked defensive behaviors in inescapably‐shocked ratsAbstract Clinical evidence suggests that depression and trauma predispose the subject to panic. Accordingly, here we examined the late effects of uncontrollable stress, a presumptive model of depression and/or traumatic disorder, on panic‐like behaviors evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray ( DPAG ). Changes in anxiety and depression were also assessed in the elevated plus‐maze ( EPM ) and forced‐swimming test ( FST ), respectively. Rats with electrodes in the DPAG were subjected to a 7‐day shuttle‐box one‐way escape yoked training with foot‐shocks either escapable ( ES ) or inescapable ( IS ). The day after the end of one‐way escape training, rats were trained in a two‐way escape novel task (test‐session) to ascertain the effectiveness of uncontrollable stress. DPAG stimulations were carried out in an open field, both before the escape training and 2 and 7 days after it, and EPM and FST were performed on the 8th and 10th days afterwards, respectively. Controls were either trained with fictive shocks ( FS ) or subjected to intracranial stimulations only. Although the ES rats performed significantly better than the IS group in the two‐way escape task, groups did not differ with respect to either the anxiety or depression scores. Unexpectedly, however, IS rats showed a marked attenuation of DPAG ‐evoked freezing and flight behaviors relative to both the ES and FS groups, 2 and 7 days after one‐way escape training. The conjoint inhibition of passive (freezing) and active (flight) defensive behaviors suggests that IS inhibits a DPAG in‐built motivational system that may be implicated in depressed patients' difficulties in coping with daily‐life stress.Quintino-dos-Santos JW2014.0Eur J Neuroscihttps://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.1241024188077.0Quintino-dos-Santos JW; Müller CJ; Santos AM; Tufik S; Rosa CA; Schenberg LCarticleD016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tD000818: Animals; D001008: Anxiety Disorders; D003866: Depressive Disorder; D004567: Electrodes, Implanted; D004597: Electroshock; D004924: Escape Reaction; D008297: Male; D009043: Motor Activity; D009483: Neuropsychological Tests; D010200: Panic; D010487: Periaqueductal Gray; D051381: Rats; D017208: Rats, Wistar; D013315: Stress, PsychologicalNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2017388204
4FalseGlycine attenuates hepatocellular depression during early sepsis and reduces sepsis-induced mortalityTo determine whether administration of glycine, a nonessential amino acid, early after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis has any beneficial effects on hepatocellular function and the survivability of septic animals and, if so, whether the beneficial effects of glycine are associated with down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.Prospective, controlled, and randomized animal study.A university research laboratory.Male adult rats were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or sham operation followed by the administration of normal saline solution.At 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, glycine (0.6 mmol/kg) or vehicle (normal saline solution) was administered intravenously over 15 mins. At 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture (i.e., early stage of sepsis), hepatocellular function (i.e., the maximal velocity and efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance) was determined and hepatocyte injury was assessed by measuring plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In additional animals, the necrotic cecum was excised at 20 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture, the peritoneal cavity was irrigated with saline, and the midline incision was closed in layers. Mortality was monitored for 10 days thereafter. The results indicate that hepatocellular function was depressed in the early stage of sepsis (i.e., 5 hrs after cecal ligation and puncture) as indicated by significant decreases in both maximal velocity and transport efficiency of in vivo indocyanine green clearance. Plasma concentrations of alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were elevated significantly at that interval after cecal ligation and puncture. Administration of glycine 1 hr after cecal ligation and puncture, however, increased maximal velocity and maximal efficiency by 60% and 101% (p <.05), respectively. Glycine administration in septic animals decreased alpha-gluthathione S-transferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by 43% and 80% (p <.05). In addition, glycine treatment decreased the mortality rate from 50% to 0% (p <.05) at 10 days after cecal ligation and puncture and cecal excision.It appears that the beneficial effect of glycine on hepatocyte function and integrity in sepsis may be mediated via down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Because administration of glycine attenuated hepatocellular depression and injury during early sepsis and decreased sepsis-induced mortality rates, this amino acid appears to be a useful adjunct for maintaining cellular functions and preventing lethality from polymicrobial sepsis.Yang S2001.0Crit Care Medhttps://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200106000-0002411395604.0Yang S; Koo DJ; Chaudry IH; Wang ParticleD016430: Clinical Trial; D016428: Journal Article; D016449: Randomized Controlled Trial; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.D000704: Analysis of Variance; D000818: Animals; D002118: Calcium; D002432: Cecum; D004396: Coloring Agents; D015536: Down-Regulation; D004797: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005982: Glutathione Transferase; D005998: Glycine; D007208: Indocyanine Green; D008107: Liver Diseases; D008297: Male; D011446: Prospective Studies; D011677: Punctures; D051381: Rats; D018805: Sepsis; D014409: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W1995720522
5TrueChinese medicine Banxia-houpu decoction regulates c-fos expression in the brain regions in chronic mild stress model in ratsBanxia-houpu decoction is a safe and effective traditional Chinese medicinal formula used in the treatment of mild and manic-depressive disorders for centuries. There has been increasing interest in its therapeutic application in depression. However, the mechanisms behind behavioural changes are still poorly understood. Chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced preference behaviour change has been used as a model to predict the clinical efficacy of many types of antidepressant treatment. Both EtOH and water extracts (AE and WE) of Banxia-houpu decoction exhibited a significantly increased sucrose intake in the CMS model in rats, but there was no effect in unstressed animals. In the present study, it was found that the c-fos expression in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum corpora were very high in the CMS model in rats. WE and AE at a dose of 130 mg/kg exhibited a significantly decreased c-fos expression in the cerebral regions in CMS model in rats, respectively. The former was more potent than the latter. However, no significant changes in the c-fos expression were observed in unstressed rats treated with the decoction. Fluoxetine not only significantly reduced c-fos expression in all regions in the CMS model in rats, but only showed a marked decrease in c-fos expression in the hippocampus in unstressed animals. A different molecular mechanism of Banxia-houpu decoction and fluoxetine may be implied. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum conpora might be important structural substrates in the central nervous system mediating the section of the Banxia-houpu decoction on preference behaviour in CMS-induced rats, and fos protein might be the common substrate of the signal transduction process of the decoction.Zhang W2004.0Phytother Reshttps://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.139115103665.0Zhang W; Li J; Zhu J; Shi Z; Wang Y; Kong LarticleD016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tD000818: Animals; D000928: Antidepressive Agents; D001522: Behavior, Animal; D001921: Brain; D004365: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D007150: Immunohistochemistry; D008297: Male; D008517: Phytotherapy; D010936: Plant Extracts; D010946: Plants, Medicinal; D016760: Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D051381: Rats; D017207: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D040921: Stress Disorders, TraumaticNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W1996157110
6TrueBrain monoamine receptors in a chronic unpredictable stress model in ratsAntidepressant drugs are devoid of mood-elevating effects in normal (non-depressed) human subjects, thus, it is necessary to evaluate the antidepressant property of compounds (drugs) in animal models of depression. Several animal models of depression have been introduced, however, only a few have been extensively validated. In the present study we report the results of investigations into monoaminergic receptors in the brain of rats subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) procedure (one of the well validated animal models of depression). We have examined the dopaminergic (D-1, D-2), adrenergic (alpha-1, beta-1) and serotonergic (5HT-1A, 5HT-2A) receptors in different brain regions by a saturation radioligand binding method in rats subjected to CUS paradigm and control animals. CUS procedure resulted in a significant 29% increase in the D-1 receptor density in the limbic system and 52% increase of the density of 5HT-2A receptors in the cerebral cortex. The present data indicate that the increase of the density of brain D-1 and 5HT-2A receptors of rats subjected to CUS might be involved in the pathophysiology of "animal depression" (since chronic antidepressant treatment produced opposite changes i.e. decrease in the density of these receptors) and thus in pathophysiology of human depression.Ossowska G2001.0J Neural Transm (Vienna)https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702017007711341483.0Ossowska G; Nowa G; Kata R; Klenk-Majewska B; Danilczuk Z; Zebrowska-Lupina IarticleD016428: Journal ArticleD000322: Adrenergic Agonists; D000818: Animals; D015306: Biogenic Monoamines; D001921: Brain; D001923: Brain Chemistry; D002908: Chronic Disease; D003863: Depression; D004195: Disease Models, Animal; D018491: Dopamine Agonists; D008297: Male; D009474: Neurons; D011869: Radioligand Assay; D051381: Rats; D017208: Rats, Wistar; D044402: Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D011942: Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D011943: Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D017447: Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448: Receptors, Dopamine D2; D017981: Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D011985: Receptors, Serotonin; D044263: Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; D017366: Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D013312: Stress, PhysiologicalNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2006608223
7TrueBehavioural and neuroendocrine effects of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. in mice using tail suspension and forced swim tests--a preliminary study.The present study was done to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of B. diffusa on depression in mice using behavioral models such as tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). The extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, po) was administered for 14 successive days to Swiss young albino mice. On 14th day, 60 min after administration, mice were subjected to TST and FST. The administration of aqueous extract of B. diffusa (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, po) significantly decreased immobility period in both TST and FST, indicating significant antidepressant-like activity. The lowest dose (50 mg/kg) of the extract decreased the immobility period most significantly in FST, showing most potent antidepressant-like action. The efficacy of the extract (50 mg/kg) was comparable to fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). The extract did not show any significant effect on locomotor activity. The extract showed significant monoamine oxidase -A inhibitory activity. There was no significant effect of the extract on plasma corticosterone levels. Prazosin (alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist), sulpiride (selective D2-receptor antagonist), baclofen (GABA(B) agonist), and p-CPA (tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor) significantly attenuated the extract-induced antidepressant-like effect, when tested in TST. The extract might produce antidepressant-like effect by interaction with alpha1-adrenoceptors, dopamine-D2 receptors, serotonergic, and GABA(B) receptors. Thus, aqueous extract of B. diffusa showed significant antidepressant-like activity in mice probably through involvement of monoaminergic and GABAergic systems.NoneNaNNoneNoneNaNNoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2418627755
8FalseSeasonality of glycogen phosphorylase activity in crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.)Seasonal changes in the activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), a rate-limiting enzyme of glycogen degradation, were examined in an anoxia-tolerant fish species, the crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). In muscle and brain, the activity of GP remained constant throughout the year when tested at 25°C. In contrast, the activities of liver and heart GP displayed striking increases in summer. When seasonal temperature changes are taken into account, the activity of GP during the anoxic mid-winter is only 4-6% of its summer time activity in the muscle, heart and liver, and 13% in brain. In winter-acclimatized fish, experimental anoxia (1-6 weeks) caused sustained depression of the GP activity in heart and gills. In liver and muscle, a transient depression of GP activity occurred during the first week of anoxia but later GP activity recovered back to the normoxic level. GP of the brain was completely resistant to anoxia. In all studied tissues, the constitutive activity of GP is more than sufficient to degrade glycogen deposits during winter anoxia without anoxia-induced activation of GP. The seemingly paradoxical summer-time increase in the activity of liver and heart GP could be related to active life-style of the summer-acclimatized fish (growth, reproduction), the increased demand of energy and molecular precursors of anabolic metabolism being satisfied by preferential degradation of glycogen. The high glycogen content of winter-acclimatized crucian carp is not associated with the elevated GP activity or anoxic activation of GP.Vornanen M2011.0J Comp Physiol Bhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-011-0580-421512743.0Vornanen M; Haverinen JarticleD016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tD000064: Acclimatization; D000693: Anaerobiosis; D000818: Animals; D001921: Brain; D002347: Carps; D005880: Gills; D006003: Glycogen; D024981: Glycogen Phosphorylase; D006321: Heart; D008099: Liver; D009132: Muscles; D012621: Seasons; D013696: TemperatureNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2051971541
9FalseEffect of Chronic Lead on the Haematology, Blood Glutathione and Bone Marrow Non‐Haeme Iron of DogsAbstract Ten clinically normal male beagle dogs were used in the study. Two dogs served as control, 4 received 2 mg lead/kg daily and 4 received 5 mg lead/kg/daily. Lead was administered for 13 weeks, after which one‐half of each experimental group was treated with calcium ethylene diaminetetraacetate (CaEDTA) for 5 days. All animals were then monitored for another 4 weeks. Blood lead levels, haematology, blood glutathione concentration, and the number of bone marrow cells with stainable iron granules were measured weekly during the 18‐week experimental period. Clinical signs of poisoning were observed only in one dog in the high dose group after 6 weeks. The signs included emaciation, anorexia, muscular weakness, evidence of abdominal pain and depression. These signs were reversed with cessation of lead dosing and CaEDTA treatment. Blood lead levels and the number of marrow cells with non‐haeme iron increased in both lead‐dosed groups; nucleated red blood cells increased only in high lead dosed group. There was a trend for an increased packed cell volume in all groups; however, the high lead dosed group did not increase as fast. No significant changes were observed in blood glutathione concentration and in other haematologic parameters. There were no differences in the parameters studied between the dogs treated with CaEDTA and those not so treated. Blood lead levels and the number of nucleated red blood cells decreased after cessation of lead administration and the number of marrow cells with iron also tended to decrease after lead removal.Mitema ES1980.0Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh)https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1980.tb02450.x6768221.0Mitema ES; Oehme FW; Penumarthy LarticleD016428: Journal ArticleD000818: Animals; D001773: Blood Cells; D001853: Bone Marrow; D001854: Bone Marrow Cells; D004285: Dogs; D004492: Edetic Acid; D004906: Erythrocyte Count; D005978: Glutathione; D006400: Hematocrit; D006452: Hemoglobinometry; D007501: Iron; D007854: Lead; D007855: Lead Poisoning; D007958: Leukocyte Count; D008297: MaleNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W1982689851
includetitleabstractfirst_authoryearjournaldoipubmed_idauthorspubmed_typepublication_typesmeshwebofscience_idcentral_idopenalex_id
1983FalseEffects of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin on the healing of surgical wounds in miceAdministration of therapeutic dose levels of cyclophosphamide as a single dose or as daily treatments for 5 days during the perisurgical period resulted in a significant decrease in the strength of surgical skin wounds in mice as measured 21 days after surgery. Administration of a single dose of 200 mg/kg either at the time of surgery or up to 4 days prior to or after surgery impaired 21-day wound strength, with the most extensive depression observed when the drug was given 1 or 2 days after surgery. Earlier stages of wound healing (day 3 or day 7) were not as sensitive to cyclophosphamide. Adriamycin in the therapeutic dosage range for mice did not significantly impair wound healing. This drug had an effect only at the LD10 dosage level. Combination treatment with cyclophosphamide plus adriamycin at the time of surgery impaired 21-day wound strength to a greater degree than observed with either agent alone, but did not significantly depress wound strength 3 or 7 days after surgery. These studies indicate that dosage level, the time of drug administration relative to surgery, and the time at which wound strength measurements are made are important parameters in determination of the effects of antineoplastic agents on wound healing.Cohen SC1975.0Cancerhttps://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197510)36:4<1277::aid-cncr2820360413>3.0.co;2-11175126.0Cohen SC; Gabelnick HL; Johnson RK; Goldin AarticleD016428: Journal ArticleD000818: Animals; D003520: Cyclophosphamide; D004317: Doxorubicin; D051379: Mice; D008815: Mice, Inbred Strains; D013997: Time Factors; D014945: Wound HealingNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2031617788
1984FalseBiogenesis of mitochondriaThe aminoglycoside antibiotics can be divided into two groups on the basis of their effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first group, consisting of neamine, kanamycin, streptomycin, and viomycin had only minor effects on the growth of yeast cells and on in vitro protein synthesis. The second group, comprising neomycin B, neomycin C, and paromomycin, had complex effects on the growth and survival of yeast cells, and potently inhibited the in vitro incorporation of amino acids into protein by mitochondria and by cytoplasmic ribosomes. The effects of the neomycins and paromomycin on the growth of yeast cells in media containing either fermentable or non-fermentable substrate indicated that in vivo these antibiotics differentiated only marginally between the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomal protein-synthesising systems. In marked contrast, the incorporation of amino acids by the mitochondrial protein-synthesizing system in vitro was considerably more sensitive to the neomycins and paromomycin than was the cytoplasmic ribosomal system. A probable explanation of this discrepancy is proposed. The mitochondrial protein-synthesizing system of rat liver was compared with that of yeast, and was found to differ in being insensitive to the neomycins and paromomycin. The possible significance of this phylogenetic difference is discussed.Davey PJ1970.0Arch Biochem Biophyshttps://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(70)90326-74313769.0Davey PJ; Haslam JM; Linnane AWarticleD016428: Journal ArticleD000818: Animals; D000900: Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002247: Carbon Isotopes; D002463: Cell Membrane Permeability; D003864: Depression, Chemical; D005947: Glucose; D005990: Glycerol; D006027: Glycosides; D007612: Kanamycin; D007930: Leucine; D008928: Mitochondria; D008930: Mitochondria, Liver; D009355: Neomycin; D010303: Paromomycin; D014176: Protein Biosynthesis; D051381: Rats; D012270: Ribosomes; D012440: Saccharomyces; D013045: Species Specificity; D013307: Streptomycin; D014756: ViomycinNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W1553673266
1985FalseProtection from arabinofuranosylcytosine and n-mustard-induced myelotoxicity using hemoregulatory peptide pGlu-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys monomer and dimerAbstract We have previously shown that the synthetic peptide pGlu-Glu-Asp-Cys- Lys (pEEDCK monomer) inhibits the cytostatic drug-induced proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells CFU-S. Keeping CFU-S quiescent by pEEDCK treatment renders them insensitive to cycle-specific cytostatic drugs and leads to reduced toxicity. Here we show that pEEDCK application during repeated (twice) administration of clinically relevant (nonlethal) 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) doses reduced the percentage of CFU-S in S-phase from 60%-70% to 25%-30% and led to a sustained stem cell number in the bone marrow (BM), whereas unprotected mice had lost about 75% of their CFU-S population. Owing to its cysteine content, the pEEDCK monomer is easily oxidized. The resulting dimer (pEEDCK)2 is a potent stimulator of hematopoiesis. As we show, it can be used for postchemotherapy acceleration of hematologic recovery, similar to the use of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors. A single injection of 30 micrograms/kg pEEDCK monomer to mice 2 hours before the second Ara-C injection retarded onset of neutropenia (by 2 to 3 days) and improved recovery after depression. The quantitative degree of neutropenia was not changed. Postchemotherapy (Ara-C administered twice, followed by N-mustard) infusion of the stimulatory (pEEDCK)2 dimer (1.4 micrograms/kg/d) produced a 4.6-fold increase of progenitor levels (6.7 CFU-GM/1,000 BM cells v 1.45 CFU-GM/1,000 in normal mice) 2 days after the end of the cytostatic treatment when CFU- GM were not detectable in unprotected mice. This increase was followed after several days by strongly elevated granulocyte counts, which remained high for approximately 1 week. Up to 75% of the peripheral leukocytes were mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during this phase. Ara-C (twice) and monomer treatment as above followed by dimer infusion resulted in the complete protection of hematopoiesis. Mice treated with the protective pEEDCK monomer plus stimulatory dimer did not develop the leukocyte depression noted in unprotected animals. The inhibitory monomer appears to keep the stem cell population numerically and qualitatively intact, thus providing optimum target cell conditions for the subsequent stimulator (dimer) treatment. Our results show that the hemoregulatory peptide monomer and dimer can be used for improving the hematologic status of mice treated with clinically relevant doses of cytostatic drugs (antimetabolite and alkylating, alone and in combination). Combining both peptides can prevent occurrence of neutropenia completely. Both peptides can be obtained easily by chemical synthesis and are also active on human cells. They are thus highly promising candidates for application as multilevel hemoprotectors in cancer chemotherapy.Paukovits WR1991.0Bloodhttps://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.6.1313.13132001454.0Paukovits WR; Moser MH; Binder KA; Paukovits JBarticleD016428: Journal ArticleD000818: Animals; D003561: Cytarabine; D004305: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260: Female; D006412: Hematopoietic Stem Cells; D051379: Mice; D008807: Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009150: Mustard Compounds; D009196: Myeloproliferative Disorders; D009503: Neutropenia; D009842: Oligopeptides; D011761: Pyrrolidonecarboxylic AcidNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W225112278
1986FalseHepatic Extraction of Indocyanine Green Is Depressed Early in Sepsis Despite Increased Hepatic Blood Flow and Cardiac Output• Although active hepatocellular function is depressed during sepsis, it is not known whether this occurs in the very early stages of sepsis and whether it is due to depressed cardiac output or hepatic blood flow. To study this, rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture and hepatocellular function was determined at various intervals thereafter by assessing the ability of the liver to clear different doses of indocyanine green. The indocyanine green concentration was continuously measured in vivo with a fiberoptic catheter and an in vivo hemo-reflectometer. Maximal velocity and kinetic constant of the clearance of indocyanine green, hepatic blood flow, and cardiac output were determined in experimental and sham-operated rats. The results demonstrate that hepatic blood flow and cardiac output increased 2 to 10 hours after cecal ligation and puncture, while hepatocellular function (maximum velocity and kinetic constant) was decreased even 2 hours following cecal ligation and puncture. No linear correlation between hepatocellular function and hepatic blood flow or cardiac output was found under such conditions. The extremely early depression in active hepatocellular function, despite the increased hepatic blood flow and cardiac output, may form the basis for cellular dysfunctions leading to multiple organ failure during sepsis. (<i>Arch Surg</i>. 1991;126:219-224)Wang P1991.0Arch Surghttps://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1991.014102601090151992997.0Wang P; Ba ZF; Chaudry IHarticleD016428: Journal Article; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.D000818: Animals; D001424: Bacterial Infections; D001794: Blood Pressure; D001831: Body Temperature; D002302: Cardiac Output; D006400: Hematocrit; D007208: Indocyanine Green; D008099: Liver; D008102: Liver Circulation; D008297: Male; D008657: Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008833: Microcirculation; D010101: Oxygen Consumption; D051381: Rats; D011919: Rats, Inbred Strains; D014655: Vascular ResistanceNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2150914609
1987FalseThe testes after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia in prepubertal rats.The ipsilateral and contralateral testes after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia were evaluated, and compared to the contralateral testis after unilateral testicular torsion in 30 prepubertal rats. Control, torsion and detorsion at 24 hours, and incarcerated inguinal hernia and reduction in the 24 hour groups, each consisting of ten rats were established. The testes were harvested after 15 days. Mean seminiferous tubular diameters (MSTD) and mean testicular biopsy scores (MTBS) were determined and compared. A decrease in MSTD and depression in MTBS, which was more prominent in the ipsilateral testes, were found in both ipsilateral and contralateral testes following unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia. The testicular damage encountered after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia was similar to the contralateral testicular damage following unilateral testicular torsion with the utilized parameters.Tanyel FC1989.0Turk J PediatrNone2486425.0Tanyel FC; Ayhan A; Büyükpamukçu N; Hiçsönmez AarticleD003160: Comparative Study; D016428: Journal ArticleD000818: Animals; D006552: Hernia, Inguinal; D008297: Male; D051381: Rats; D013086: Spermatic Cord Torsion; D013737: TestisNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W84106268
1988FalseAlterations in graft--ersus-host reactivity and peripheral leukocytes in mice after erythropoietin treatment.Treatment of mice on four consecutive days with either erythropoietin (EP) or rabbit antimouse thymocyte serum (ATS) resulted in a significant reduction in antigenic reactivity of spleen cells as measured by the Simonsen assay. In normal animals, treatment with either EP or ATS resulted in lymphopenia and in most instances a neutrophilia and a variable monocytopenia. Similar alterations in these cell types were recorded for polycythemic mice subsequent to treatment with either EP or ATS. These data plus histologic analyses support the idea that there is an inverse relationship between the cells committed to differentiate along the lymphoid cell line and the cells committed to differentiate along myeloid cell lines. Further, the data are consistent with the "carrying capacity" concept regarding the stem cell microenvironment and support the monophyletic theory.Kinnamon KE1975.0Exp HematolNone240732.0Kinnamon KE; Blackwell LH; Ledney GDarticleD016428: Journal ArticleD000818: Animals; D000961: Antilymphocyte Serum; D003864: Depression, Chemical; D004921: Erythropoietin; D005260: Female; D006087: Graft vs Host Reaction; D007165: Immunosuppression Therapy; D007958: Leukocyte Count; D007962: Leukocytes; D008297: Male; D051379: Mice; D008810: Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808: Mice, Inbred CBA; D009929: Organ Size; D013154: Spleen; D013268: Stimulation, Chemical; D013601: T-LymphocytesNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W1590422991
1989TrueVenlafaxine reverses decreased proliferation in the subventricular zone in a rat model of early life stressIt is believed that glucocorticoids control the proliferation of neural progenitor cells, and this process is highly involved in mood disorders and cognitive processes. Using the maternal separation model of chronic neonatal stress, it has been found that stress induced depressive-like behavior, cognitive deficits and a decrease in proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Venlafaxine reversed all deleterious effects of chronic stress by modulating HPA activity. These outcomes suggest modulation of stress-mediated glucocorticoid secretion as a target for the treatment of mood disorders and neurodegenerative processes.Martisova E2015.0Behav Brain Reshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.05926051818.0Martisova E; Aisa B; Tordera RM; Puerta E; Solas M; Ramirez MJarticleD016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tD000818: Animals; D001522: Behavior, Animal; D049109: Cell Proliferation; D003072: Cognition Disorders; D003345: Corticosterone; D003863: Depression; D020547: Lateral Ventricles; D008297: Male; D008426: Maternal Deprivation; D011897: Random Allocation; D051381: Rats; D011965: Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D013315: Stress, Psychological; D000069470: Venlafaxine HydrochlorideNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W650183876
1990FalseElevated guanosine 3?:5?-cyclic monophosphate mediates the depression of nitrovasodilator reactivity in endothelium-intact blood vesselsThe influence of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO) on relaxation induced by the nitrovasodilators, sodium nitroprusside and sodium nitrite was assessed in phenylephrine-stimulated hamster thoracic aortas, a preparation that displays significant basal release of EDNO. Removal of the endothelium or treatment with the NO synthase inhibitors, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAG, 10-30 microM) or NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 100 microM) increased the potency and, except for sodium nitroprusside in endothelium-denuded segments, also increased the efficacy of the nitrovasodilators. Removal of the endothelium had no effect on relaxations induced by isoproterenol, an indication that these effects were specific for the nitrovasodilators. Removal of the endothelium, treatment of endothelium-intact preparations with L-NAG or L-NMMA, or exposure of these vessels to the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue (10 microM) increased reactivity of the aortas to the guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) analogue, 8-Br cGMP. Measurement of cGMP revealed that endothelium-intact segments had a 6.5 fold higher level of cGMP than endothelium-denuded preparations and that sodium nitroprusside increased cGMP in both preparations by similar amounts in a concentration-dependent fashion. Exposure of endothelium-denuded or L-NAG-treated segments to sodium nitroprusside, to mimic the effects of basally released EDNO, depressed sodium nitrite and 8-Br cGMP reactivity in a manner similar to endothelium-intact segments. These data indicate that EDNO increases cGMP levels in vascular smooth muscle and that the elevated cGMP levels depress nitrovasodilator and 8-Br cGMP reactivities.Jackson WF1991.0Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacolhttps://doi.org/10.1007/bf001830101660105.0Jackson WF; Busse RarticleD003160: Comparative Study; D016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.D000818: Animals; D001013: Aorta, Thoracic; D001120: Arginine; D006224: Cricetinae; D006152: Cyclic GMP; D004730: Endothelium, Vascular; D008297: Male; D008647: Mesocricetus; D009569: Nitric Oxide; D019335: Nitroarginine; D009599: Nitroprusside; D012977: Sodium Nitrite; D014665: Vasodilator Agents; D019323: omega-N-MethylarginineNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2028307206
1991FalseElectrophysiological studies on benzodiazepine antagonistsThe actions of the benzodiazepine (BDZ) antagonists 3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline (3-HMC), Ro 14-7437 and Ro 15-1788 were tested on single cell activity of rat hypothalamic neurons in tissue cultures and on membrane properties of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons in transverse slices. In addition, we examined the interactions of some of these agents with inhibitions elicited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the ability of Ro 14-7437 to reverse the GABA-enhancing action of the BDZ agonist flurazepam. BDZ antagonists did not alter patterns of spontaneous activity of hypothalamic neurons and did not affect resting membrane potential or membrane conductance in CA1 pyramidal cells. Ro 14-7437 either partially or totally reversed the potentiation by flurazepam of GABA-elicited depression of hypothalamic neuronal activity. Small and inconsistent actions on GABA-mediated inhibitions of hypothalamic neurons were noted. Electrically-elicited inhibitions of hypothalamic neurons were either not altered or slightly reduced. In the hippocampal slice, the frequency of spontaneous IPSPs, the amplitude of stratum-radiatum evoked IPSPs and the conductance increase caused by stratum-radiatum stimulation were either not altered or slightly reduced. These findings demonstrate that non-convulsant BDZ antagonists block the action of BDZ agonists in facilitating GABA and further that the presence of a BDZ agonist is not required for these GABA-mediated events to occur. However, these experiments do not exclude a modulatory role for an endogenous BDZ agonist on GABA-mediated events.Krespan B1984.0Brain Reshttps://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90975-26424866.0Krespan B; Springfield SA; Haas H; Geller HMarticleD016428: Journal Article; D013486: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; D013487: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.D000818: Animals; D001569: Benzodiazepines; D001570: Benzodiazepinones; D002243: Carbolines; D002478: Cells, Cultured; D004558: Electric Stimulation; D004594: Electrophysiology; D005442: Flumazenil; D005479: Flurazepam; D006624: Hippocampus; D007031: Hypothalamus; D007211: Indoles; D009433: Neural Inhibition; D009474: Neurons; D051381: Rats; D011919: Rats, Inbred Strains; D005680: gamma-Aminobutyric AcidNoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2093958535
1992FalseProtective effect of deferoxamine on chromium(VI)-induced DNA single-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytesIncubation of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with K2CR2O7 and deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, resulted in a marked decrease in cellular levels of DNA single-strand breaks caused by K2Cr2O7. Cellular treatment with DFO also suppressed both dichromate-induced cytotoxicity--evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxidation--as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, treatment with DFO attenuated the suppression of the levels of vitamin E and C as well as the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase and glutathione peroxidase activity attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, DFO had no influence on the cellular level of glutathione or the activity of glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake and distribution of chromium were not affected by DFO. These results indicate that DFO protects cells from chromium (VI)-induced DNA strand breaks, cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E and C depression, and glutathione peroxidase inhibition The role of antioxidants in chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity, DNA breaks, and lipid peroxidation is discussed.Susa N1997.0Arch Toxicolhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s0020400503979195015.0Susa N; Ueno S; Furukawa Y; Sugiyama MarticleD016428: Journal ArticleD000469: Alkaline Phosphatase; D000818: Animals; D000931: Antidotes; D001205: Ascorbic Acid; D002424: Caustics; D002478: Cells, Cultured; D004249: DNA Damage; D004277: DNA, Single-Stranded; D003676: Deferoxamine; D004305: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005978: Glutathione; D005979: Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980: Glutathione Reductase; D007770: L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D015227: Lipid Peroxidation; D008099: Liver; D008297: Male; D008315: Malondialdehyde; D011192: Potassium Dichromate; D051381: Rats; D017208: Rats, Wistar; D013482: Superoxide Dismutase; D014810: Vitamin ENoneNonehttps://openalex.org/W2055260391

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2TrueDesign and Synthesis of Novel Arylpiperazine Derivatives Containing the Imidazole Core Targeting 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> Receptor and 5-HT TransporterSerotonin antagonist reuptake inhibitor (SARI) drugs that block both 5-HT2 receptors and the serotonin transporters have been developed. The human 5-HT2A/2C receptor has been implicated in several neurological conditions, and potent selective 5-HT2A/2C ligands may have therapeutic potential for treatment of CNS diseases such as depression. An imidazole moiety usually provides good pharmacokinetic properties as a drug substance, and thus considerable efforts have been devoted to develop imidazole derivatives into drug candidates. The imidazole series of compounds was evaluated against 5-HT2A/2C and serotonin reuptake inhibition. A few of the compounds in the series showed promising IC50 values and antidepressant-like effect in in vivo forced swimming test (FST). On the basis of these results, further lead optimization studies resulted in identifying promising compounds potentially for therapeutic use.Seo HJ2011.0J Med Chemhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm200682b21823597.0Seo HJ; Park EJ; Kim MJ; Kang SY; Lee SH; Kim HJ; Lee KN; Jung ME; Lee M; Kim MS; Son EJ; Park WK; Kim J; Lee JarticleD016428: Journal Article; D013485: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tD000818: Animals; D000928: Antidepressive Agents; D001667: Binding, Competitive; D016466: CHO Cells; D006224: Cricetinae; D003412: Cricetulus; D015195: Drug Design; D006801: Humans; D007093: Imidazoles; D008297: Male; D051379: Mice; D009043: Motor Activity; D010879: Piperazines; D011869: Radioligand Assay; D051381: Rats; D017207: Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044402: Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; D058830: Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists; D050486: Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D017367: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013237: Stereoisomerism; D013329: Structure-Activity Relationshiphttps://openalex.org/W23145557102